Class 12 Physics – Chapter Wise Important Formulas (Ch 1 to
8)
1. Electric Charges and Fields
• Coulomb’s Law: F = k*q1*q2/r^2
• Electric Field: E = F/q = kQ/r^2
• Flux: Φ = E·A cosθ
• Gauss’s Law: Φ = ■E·dA = q/ε0
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
• Potential: V = kQ/r
• Potential Energy: U = qV
• Capacitance: C = Q/V
• Energy of Capacitor: U = 1/2 CV^2
• Series: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2
• Parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2
3. Current Electricity
• Ohm’s Law: V = IR
• Resistance: R = ρL/A
• Power: P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R
• Series: Req = R1+R2
• Parallel: 1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism
• Magnetic Force: F = q(v × B)
• Force on Current: F = BIL sinθ
• Biot-Savart: dB = (µ0/4π)*(Idl × r)/r^3
• Ampere’s Law: ■B·dl = µ0I
5. Magnetism and Matter
• Magnetic Dipole Moment: M = m*2l
• Torque: τ = m × B
• Susceptibility: χm = M/H
• Relative Permeability: µr = 1+χm
6. Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s Law: ε = -dΦ/dt
• Lenz’s Law
• Self Inductance: ε = -L (dI/dt)
• Mutual Inductance: ε2 = -M (dI1/dt)
7. Alternating Current
• Inductive Reactance: XL = ωL
• Capacitive Reactance: XC = 1/ωC
• Impedance: Z = √(R^2+(XL−XC)^2)
• Power Factor: cosϕ = R/Z
• Resonance: XL = XC
8. Electromagnetic Waves
• Speed of EM wave: c = 1/√(µ0ε0)
• Relation: E0/B0 = c
• Energy Density: u = ε0E^2/2 + B^2/(2µ0)
• Poynting Vector: S = E × H
