> the first tely, sit: ir health, i resign. ecting, for. ilasgow. : room. warden, ework, GRAMMAR Modals: present and future Don’t have to and must not © Don't have to refers to an absence of obligation, You don't have to work tomorrow. © Must not refers to an obligation not to do something, You must not leave the room before the end of the test Should and ought to Should and ought to have the same meaning where used in the examples below. © Expectation ‘This film should be really good. / This film ought to be really good. © Recommendation L think you should / ought to talk it over with your parents. In writing, should (but not ought to) can be used to express a strong obligation politely Guests should vacate their rooms by midday. ® Criticism of an action You shouldn't / oughtn’t fo eat so muck late at night. © Uncertainty Should I leave these papers on your desk? ®@ Should and verbs of thinking Should is often used with verbs of thinking, to make an opinion less direct. I should think that model would sell quite well. © Should with be and adjectives describing chance This group of adjectives includes odd, strange, funny (= odd) and the expression What a coincidence. [ts strange that you should be staying in the same hotell © Should after in case to emphasize unlikelihood In case I should be out, this is my mobile number. ‘See Grammar 7 for similar uses in conditional sentences, Could © Could is used to express possibility or uncertainty. This could be the house. © Could is used with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility. The situation couldn't be worse, It could be better,LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED © Could is used to make suggestions. 1 ‘We could go to that nev» restauirant opposite the cinema, © Could is used to express unwillingness. 1 couldn't possibly leave Tim here on his own. Can © Can with be is used to make criticisms. You can be really annoying, you know! © Can is also used with be to refer to capability. Winter here can be really cold. Must and can’t ‘ ‘These refer to present time only. (See be bound to.) In expressing certainty, they are opposites, This must be our stop. (Tm sure it is.) This can't be our stop. (2m sure it isnt) May and might ‘© May can be used to express although clauses. ‘She may be the boss, but that is no excuse for shouting like that. See also Grammar 12 for emphasis. © May / might as well ‘This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic about. ‘Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. © May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is often used in formal language. ‘The peace conference may find a solution to the problem. © There is an idiomatic expression with try, using may for present reference, and might for past or present reference. ‘Try as I might, [could not pass my driving test. (Although I tried hard, I could not pass my driving test.) Shall © Shall can be used in the first persons to emphasize something which the speaker feels is certain to happen or wants to happen. 1 shall definitely give up smoking this year. We shall win! (Shall is stressed in this sentence.) @ In the second and third persons, shall is now only used in very formal contexts, such as rules and regulations. ‘No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player.nty, they not Igo home, ed in nce, and might 1e speaker feels contexts, such GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE wilt © Will can be used to express an assumption. A: The phone’ ringing. B: That'll be for me. ‘© Will / wor't can be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker’ intention, of to forbid an action, in response to a will expression. A:T take the money anyway, so there! B: You won't! A: I will! Similarly T won't can mean F refuse, and J will can mean I insist. A: I won't do it! B: Yes, you will! Would Would is often used in situations where a conditional sense is understood but not stated. body would agree with that idea. (if we asked them) Life wouldn't be worth living without you, (if you weren't there) J think Jim would be the best candidate, (if he was under consideration for the job) Sue wouldn't do that, surely! (if she was in that situation) Need and need to © Need to is a modal auxiliary, and behaves like a normal verb. Do you need to use the photocopier? © Need is a modal auxiliary, but mainly in question and negative forms. Need you make so much noise? See Grammar 6 for need doing. Dare © Dare can be used in two ways, It can be an intransitive verb followed by infinitive with fo, I didrit dare to say anything. © It can also be a modal auxiliary, mainly in questions and negatives. She dare not refuse. How dare you! Related non-modal expressions © Had better This is a recommendation and refers only to the present or future. Youd better not phone her again. It can be reported in the past without change of form. He told me we'd better come back another day. @ Be bound to ‘This makes a future prediction of certainty. 103 bound to rain tomorrow. orLANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED : i 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. ‘ 1 Tdor’t think you could / should tell anyone yet. couldn't / shouldn't possibly leave without paying. ‘That mustn't / cart be the hotel Jane told us about, ‘There are times when the traffic here can / could be really heavy. We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could / must be better. You couldi’t/ shoulde’t really be sitting here. ‘You could / may be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you're cleverer. ‘You might / should like to look over these papers if you have time. Tm aftaid that nobody should / would belp me in that kind of situation. 10 No member of the association must / shall remove official documents from these premises without written permission, 2 Complete the dialogue, using one word in each gap. Contractions (e.g. can’t) count as one word. Bill; This (1) uu, be the house, I suppose: number 16 Elland Way. Jane: I pictured it as being much bigger, from the estate agent’s description. Bill: Well, wed (2) go inside. Jane: We (3).. as well. Wait a minute. (4)... just find my glasses. 1 (5) Bil, Tdon't think much of it from the outside, to be honest. Jane: Yes, it (6) certainly do with a evat of paint or two. to . see a thing without them. Bill: Rather you than me! I (7) ike to have to paint it all! “And the gutters (8) replacing. Jane: 1(9).. _ think they haven't been replaced since the house was built. Bill: They (10). really be replaced every four years ideally. Jane: And I dor't like that big ivy plant growing up the side. Ivy (11) snsunonnie get in the brickwork and cause all sorts of damage. Bill: I wonder if theres a lock on that big downstairs window? It looks very easy to break in to. Jane: ‘There’ (12) . to be one, surely. Bill: Well, (13)... soon We go inside? Jane: Do we (14 . to? [think Pve seen enough already. I (15) possibly live here.GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1 Icouldn' be happier at the moment, cOULD Tmas happy as.c0ud be. . asa . 2 Although T tried hard, I couldn't lift the suitcase. MIGHT Ey eet , Lcouldstt lift the suitcase, tion. 3. Pmsure that Peter won't be late.” nts from these BOUND at the moment. etter. verer. Pete renin vw on time, 4 Fancy you and I having the same surname! SHOULD (eg.can') Its odd... Seti ee the same surname! 5. [think you should take up jogging. WERE TEL semen 6 Its possible that this kind of snake is poisonous. COULD This snake 7. You cant borrow my car! WON'T 8 I'm sure this isn't how you get to Norwich! CAN'T This 9 Itmakes no difference to me if we call it off MAY We secon call it off 10 Although it’s summer, the temperature is more like winter, May It Nay. on, ake up jogging the poisonous kinds, _. borrow my cat! ay to Norwich! Be. _ .. the temperatiie is more like winter, oLANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED 4 Choose the sentence (A or B) that is closest in meaning to the sentence given. 1 It’s possible that we'll know the answers tomorrow. ..A. A. We may know the answers tomorrow. B_ We should know the answers tomorrow. 2. I dont think you should ring him now. Its rather late. ‘A. You might not ring him now. Its rather late. B Youll better not ring him now. Its rather late, 3. Youneedn't come if you don't want 10, 0. ‘A You wor't come if you don’t want to. B_ You don't have to come if you don't want to. 4 [think it’s wrong for you to work so hard. ‘A. You dor’t have to work so hard. B You shouldn't work so hard. 5. Perhaps these are the keys. . ‘A. These might be the keys. B_ These must be the keys. 6 Te would be wrong for us to lock the cat in the house for a week. ‘A. Wed better not lock the cat in the house for a week. B We car‘tlock the cat in the house for a week. 7 Its possible that the decision will be announced next week 'A. The decision might be announced next week. B The decision will be announced next week. 8 Although I try hard, I can never solve The Times crossword... A. Try as may, I can never solve The Times crossword. B Tryas can, may never solve The Times crossword. 9. Uknow. Why dorit we go out to eat instead? nm A Linow. We must go out to eat instead. B know. We could go out to eat instead. 10 Using Punter's Paints couldn't be easier. ‘A You may as well use Punter’s Paints, B You should find Punter’s Paints easy to use. LL Peter often really annoys people. A Peter can be really annoying. B ‘Try as he might, Peter annoys people. 12. Jane woulds't talk about people like that, surely! ‘A. Jane didn’t want to talk about people like thet. B Jane isnt the kind of person to talk about people like that5 Complete each sentence with a phrase from the box. couldnitbe wouldnttbe Tmight dorttheveto couldnt possibly ~ | mustbe mustlike need to may be might as well I y 8 tence given. F GRAMMAR 9 MODALS: PRESENT AND FUTURE ave ‘The heating comes on automatically. You Of course PI help! Ta let you do it on your own. Isa lovely hotel. And the staff suns : more helpfl Ge0rgE wennwinsrvinsnnsennarnn it there ifhe has stayed there for so long. YOU nn _ Fight, but I'm still not convinced. We vn snnsnw: 0 in this museum. There's nothing else to do. ove these tees. Without them the garden.. ‘There's the phone call I was expecting, I... ‘Thanks. And now you just. Os turn it on. the same. George, ign on the dotted line. "I simply couldnt open the lid weewaunene 6 Complete the text, using one word in each gap. Contractions (e.g. mustn't) count as one word. 1(1) ..tai@hn 26 well admit it~ I'm one of those people who run in marathons dressed a aduck It's not normally something you (2) wo» Want to admit to your friends, but (8) imagine life without running in my Donald Duck costume. You're probably thinking [(4) . be an idiot who ust wants to show off, and well, you ©- be right, | suppose! And you (6) wenn think that running 60 far was hard enough, without the sily cootumel|(7) ‘to admit that | do enjoy the laughter ac [run pect, but that’s only part of (B) ron look lly, but its allina geod cause, as run to ralse money for children's charities ~ people promise to give me money for running in the race. (9) nnn Beha nrend inet da : ‘something useful, Call me mad (10) you like, but Id far (11) . ' through the streets dressed ao duck (12). sit at home and watch the race | ) (on television. Some of the other runners (13) . vm be a bit: mad too ~| be the only duck to be narrowly beaten in a race by three gorillas in bikinis. tas charity marathons forall the worl : D see atso é Grammar 6: Passive 2 Grammar 7: Conditionals Grammar 10: Modals: Grammar 12: Emphasis ast Enn 10 « GRAMMAR 2 Modals: past Had to and didn't have to Had to is the past form of must and refers to a past obligation. Sorry Tt late, T had to post some letters “The negative form is did't have to and refers t6 an absence of obligation. Should have and ought to have © Expectation Should have and ought to have can refer to something which was supposed to happen. ‘The parcel I sent you should have / ought to have arrived by now. ® Criticism of an action You shouldn't have / oughtn't fo have eaten so much last night. © Shoisd have and verbs of thinking T should have thought that... is way of describing what was supposed or expected to happen. I should have thought that you would know the answer / that you knew the answer It implies that in fact you didn't know the answer, and Iam surprised or disappointed. © With be and adjectives describing chance It was strange that you should have been staying in the same hotel last year. © Asa polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or a favour Tve done the washing up for you. ~ Oh, you really shoulda’t have! Could have and couldn't have © Could have refers to past possibility or uncertainty. David could have won the race if he had tried. (possibility / ability) It could have been Sue, I suppose. (uncertainty) © Couldn't have can be used with comparative adjectives. We couldn't have been happier in those days. @ Could have can also express unwillingness. She could have gone to the party with her friends. (but she didn't) Could © Could refers to past permission or past ability When I was sixteen I could stay out tll 11.00. (1 was allowed to) Jenny could swim when she was three. (she actually did) Compare: Jenny could have swum when she was three. (but she didrit)ed to happen. vr expected v the answer disappointed, year. GRAMMAR 10 MODALS: May have and might have © Might have refers to past possibility which did not happen, You might have drowned! © Might have and may have express uncertainty. I suppose I may have been rather critical. © Both can be used in the negative to express uncertainty. They might not have received our letter yet. © Might have is used to express annoyance at someone's failure to do something. You might have told me my trousers were split! © I might have known + would is an idiom by which the speaker expresses ironically that an action was typical of someone else. Tmight have known that he would be late Must have and can’t have © These express the speaker’s certainty about a past action, Someone must have taken it, (I am sure they did) You can’t have lost it. (1am sure you didn't) @ Both can also be used with surely in exclamations. Surely you can't have eaten ail of it! Surely you must have noticed it! Would not © This expresses an unwillingness in the past. Everyone was angry because Sam wouldn't turn off the television, Would have © Would have can refer to events in the past which did not actually happen. Twwould have accepted the job, but I didn’t want to move house. © Assumptions about the past are also possible with would have ‘A: Someone called after you left but didn't leave a message. B: That would have been Cathy, probably: Needn’t have and didn’t need to Needi't have done tefers to an unnecessary action which was actually done. You needn't have paid all at once. (you did pay) Didn't need to refers to an unnecessary action which was not done. 1 didn’t need to go to the dentist again, luckily. Adverbs and modals Adverbs such as easily, jus, really, well, are often used to emphasize modal expressions, in both present and past time, You could easily have been killed. I might just take you up on that, You couldn't really have managed without me, 3LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED 1. Underline the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. 1. That can't have been / shouldn't have been Nick that you saw. You miust have given / might have given me a hand! Tcaught a later train because J had to see / must have seen a client. T suppose Bill should have lost / might have lost his way. ‘I didn’t refuse the cake, as it should have been / would have been rude. T don't know who rang, but it could have been / must have been Jim. It was odd that you should have bought / would have bought the same car. asked them to leave but they might not / wouldn't go. Isa pity you didr’t ask because I can’t help / could have helped you. Its your own fault, you can’t have / shouldn't have gone to bed so late, Seevsween i 2 Complete the text, using a verb phrase from the box in each gap. an can’thave musthave shouldn't have may not have may have shouldnt have canithave ought to have neednithave — showkdn'theve i 1 You and your big mouth! It was supposed to be a secret. You .. Sl told her! 2 Theplane slate. I... wu landed by now. : 3 You met my brother. I haven't got one! 4. There is only one explanation. You... aw let your keys on the bus. heard me right. I definitely said 204525. .. cooked it for so long. wn been a little bit rude. .. taken so much trouble over me. told the police, you know. noticed B YOU ven 6 The meat is abit burnt. You 7 Um sorry. Laccept I. 8 9 You really Was it really necessary? You 10. Keep your fingers crossed! The traffic warden the car's parked next to a No Parking sign! ”GRAMMAR 10 MODALS: PAST : 3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1 It wouldn't have been right to leave you to do all the work on your own, COULDN'T La HALLER HERR : 2. Pethaps they didn't notice the tyre was flat. MIGHT They . eee 3. All that trouble I went to wastit necessary in the end. ate, . NEEDN'T I 4 Apparently someone has borrowed my laptop. HAVE Someone 5 Tim disappointed that you didnt back me up! MIGHT You 6 Our worrying so much was a waste of time. NEEDN'T We if 7 Wejust not posible forthe eat to have opened the fig, POSSIBLY The cat 8 ewould have ben possible for Helen to take ws in her ea. couLD Helen 9 Wespossible that the ast person to leave didnt lock the door. MIGHT The last person 10 School uniform wasnt compulsory at my shook WEAR , We . all the work on your own, _ the tyre was flat. my laptop. vw me up! your keys somone $0 much, 4525. or so long. le. the fridge, lice, you know, . noticed wo sa lift, the door unlocked, ..school uniform at my school. 8rr LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED 76 4 Complete each sentence, using one word in each gap. Contractions (e.g. can’t) count as one word. 1 2 10 1.0K... have become a millionaire, but I decided not to You... was great! Peter wasn't here then, so he ... I. have bought that car, but I decided to look at a few others. Ifyou felt lonely, you _ have given mea ring Dont take a risk like that again! We i have lost because of you. It’s been more than a week! You .-have had some news by now! We were glad to help. We have just stood by and done nothing. You really oosnannn have gone to so much trouble! 1. have thought that it was rather difficult, have been here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy! It have broken your vase. 5 Correct any errors in these sentences. Put a tick ¥ if sentence is already correct. 1 we eVaukon 10 Surely you mestnt have forgotten already! ..amét Even Paul couldn't have foreseen what was coming next. sunonews Frances might not have understood what you said. It was funny that she should have remembered me, Harry may have won the match with a bit more effort ‘You must have told me you had already eaten. Look, there's £30 in my wallet. I shouldn't have gone to the bank after all. ‘You mustn't have been so unkind! couldn't have managed without you. .... Pca ie cert ape sen 6 Complete each sentence with a modal verb. Use a negative form if necessary. 1 eV aaewn 10 Pay no attention to what Jim said. He ...e2W ave, Fancy borrowing all my clothes like that! You... ‘The exam wasn't a problem at all. In fact, it. ‘We should call Jack again, to be sure. He Phew, that was a lucky escape! We nnn Hello, 'm home eatly. 1. stay Tate at work afterall ‘Thanks @ lot! YOU ww sues told me that the meeting hed been cancelled! Ann didn't get home until 4.30 this morning. That party... been good! This bus is taking ages. We. ‘There were plenty of spare seats on the train. We ... advance after all. . been serious. asked me first! been easier! heard the phone the first time. killed! ww taken the metro, after all . booked in1s (e.g. can’t) be so lazy! Tt others, of you. by now! e nothing. ready correct. ter all, F necessary. ed me first! easier! the first time, been cancelled! all, - booked in GRAMMAR 10 MODALS: PAST 7 Underline the best adverb to complete each sentence. 1 Someone obviously / currently / fortunately must have picked it up by mistake. He could really / cheerfully / easily have stolen the painting without anyone knowing. Tmay surely / well /clzarly have made a mistake. You really / clearly / needlessly shouldu’t have spent so much on my present. Bill rarely / simply / certainly wouldn't listen to anything we said. T couldn't just / yet / already have left without saying a word. Certainly / Rarely / Surely you cant seriously believe that Iam guilty! Lopened the window; I greatly / surely / simply had to get some fresh alt 1 still / unfortunately /surely couldn't have come to your party. 10. How dangeroust You could still / strongly / well have been injured! wevaueun Complete the text, using a verb phrase from the box in each gap. might have found wouldhave meant. mustbe can't have been mightheveheerd should have resigned might have known must have thought __neednit have worried __would have had Hi Katie, Just 4 quick update on my latest news. As you (1) I won't be going to Australia after all. Basically, it (2) .. . taking two months off, and t'm not sure whether | (3) sus a job when I came back. | realy like my job at the hospital here, so | decided to play it safe. Maybe | @.. -wn: ftom the job and hoped for the best. After all, perhaps I ©. a really great job out there, or met the man of my dreams! Do you think | did the right thing? | kept changing my mind right up to the last minute. Bill nd Sue in Sydney (6) sso | was really annoying, | thought they'd never speak to me again, but | (7) . .-. got a call from them last week, and they were very sympathetic. Paula told me you've decided to go back to university to study law ~ that ®. an easy decision! You (9) 02.2 the world’s coolest- looking lawyer! So no more working in the insurance company? | (10) ss you'd find it a bit dulll Good for you. Keep in touch, Love, Tina alk. have.heaxd.. from Paula, D see atso Grammar 8: Unreal time Grammar 9: Modals: present and future Consolidation 3: Units 9-12 ”