UCSP REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1 : UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND SOCIETY

CULTURE

 Refers to that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws,
customs and any other capabilities.

TYPES OF CULTURE

 MATERIAL CULTURE
Physical objects, such as houses, vehicles, jeepneys.
 NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Non-materials object, such as religion, art, customs.

ELEMETS OF CULTURE

 KNOWLEDGE – information received and perceived to be true

 BELIEFS – the perception of accepted reality
 SOCIAL NORMS – how a person is supposed to act

DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS

 FOLKWAYS – a repetitive behavior and become a habit

 MORES – ethical standards that distinguishes good from bad
 VALUES – worthy, important, desirable or valuable.
 TECHNOLOGY – converting raw materials into finished products

DIFFERENT VIEW POINTS/PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE

 CULTURAL RELATIVISM – “no culture is superior to other culture”

 ETHNOCENTRISM – there is ethnic bias or cultural bias
 CULTURE SHOCK – disbelief when their cultures are different from yours
 XENOCENTRISM – refers to the idea that what is foreign is best

SOCIETY – people living according to shared culture

ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY

 Mutual interaction
 A pattern of system
 Like mindedness
  Interdependence
 Cooperation

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDYING SOCIETY

 Representation of our identity

 Avenue for economic interdependence
 Symbol of political independence
 Characterize the totality of a territory

SOCIOLOGY – branch of social science that studies the society, groups, norms, and organization.
“socius” (people together, associate) “logos” (study of)

WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?

 To gain understanding of ourselves and our social world, helps us see how behavior is
shaped by the groups and let us realize why does our social group influence our own
behavior.

ANTHROPOLOGY – branch that deals with the scientific study of a man which include his works,
his body, his behavior and values, in time and space.

FOURS FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY :

 CULTURAL – shared, learned, dynamic, adaptive, integrated and ideational

 BIOLOGICAL/PHYSICAL – bodies, genes/DNA
 LINGUISTIC – sounds, words, grammar, movement, gestures and expressions
 ARCHAEOLOGY – cultural change overtime

POLITICAL SCIENCE – deals with the study of power in society, politics, and government. Deals
with the key issue and concepts in politics. POLITICAL “polis” city (Greek word) and SCIENCE
“scire” to know (Latin word)

POLITICS – process of making policies, decision makings, and enforcing process.

HUMAN ORIGINS – biological and cultural evolution

 HOMO HABILIS – handy man

 HOMO ERECTUS – knew how to make and use tools, fire. They are carnivorous and cave
dwellers
 HOMO SAPIENS – “modern day man”
MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION

 PALEOLITHIC AGE – nomadic way of living, hunting and gathering

 NEOLITHIC AGE – domestication of plants and animals, living in permanent places

TYPES OF SOCIETY

 HUNTING AND FOOD GATHERING SOCIETIES – earliest form of society where they use
stones, woods, and bones as tools.
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES – male dominated group, where they use their strengths and
hand-held tools to cultivate fields.
 PASTORAL SOCIETIES – male dominated, where nomadic is their way of living,
domestication of animals for foods and clothing to support their needs
 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES – the use of plow in farming, creation of irrigations
 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY – use of mechanical means of production
 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES – the spread of computer industries

SOCIALIZATION – individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior
and social skills that is appropriate to his or her social position

 OBJECTIVE – society acting upon the child

 SUBJECTIVE – process by which society transmits its culture from generation to next

PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIALIZATION

 PERSONALITY AND ROLE DEVELOPMENT

 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING
 VALUES FORMATION
 SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND ADJUSTMENT
 SOCIAL CONTROL AND STABILITY

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATIONS – enables us to develop our human potential and learn ways
of thinking, talking and acting. For the survival and stability of society, and allows society to pass
culture on the next generation.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

FAMILY
PEERS WORK
RELIGION SETHNIC BACKGROUND
GOVERNMENT CLUBS/SOCIAL GROUPS
MEDIA SCHOOL
FORMS OF SOCIAL FORMS

 FOLKWAYS
 MORES
 LAWS

MAJOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF MANY SOCIETIES

1. ACHIVEMENTS AND SUCCESS

2. ACTIVITY AND WORK
3. MORAL ORIENTATION
4. HUMANITARIAN
5. EFFICIENCY AND PRACTICALLY

FILIPINO VALUES

1. EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND SECURITY IN THE FAMILY

2. AUTHORITY VALUE
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BETTERMENT
4. PATIENCE, SUFFERING, AND ENDURANCE

SOCIAL STATUS – the position an individual occupies in society, and comes with duties and
responsibilities.

TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL STATUS

 ASCRIBED – assigned to the individual from birth

 ACHIEVED – acquired by choice, merit, or individual effort

DEVIANCE – behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged

FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE by Ronald W. Smith and Fredirick W. Preston

 Serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expectations, define the limits of acceptable
behavior. Promotes in-group solidarity and can serve as a barometer of social strain.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DEVIANCE

1. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY – according to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a

number of functions for society
2. STRAIN THEORY – Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society the tension or
strain between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the
goals, the means are both.
 1. CONFORMITY – accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate
means for achieving the goal.

EXAMPLE : a high school student graduates high school and goes to college

2. INNOVATION – accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted
means of achieving it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means

EXAMPLE : drug dealers and burglars

3. RITUALISM – when people deemphasizes or reject the importance of success once they
realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing these
rules was intended.

EXAMPLE : students who graduate from high school without career plans but proceed to
college anyways, because that is what is expected

4. RETREATISM – withdrawal from the society

EXAMPLE : drug dealers and beggars

5. REBELLION – occurs when people reject and attempt to change both goals and the
means approved by society

EXAMPLE : terrorism

SOCIAL CONTROL – refers to the effort of a group of society to regulate the behavior of its
members

HUMAN RIGHTS – natural rights of all human being

RIGHTS OF HUMAN BEINGS

 NATURAL RIGHTS – given to us by GOD

 CONSTITUTIONAL – under the fundamental charter of the country
 STATOTURY – provided by lawmaking body of a country or by law
 CIVIL – under the bill of rights
 ECONOMIC – rights to property, whether personal, real or intellectual
 POLITICAL – rights of an individual that is member of the body of politics
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

 FAMILY – primary group. A group of two or more person related by birth, marriage, or
adoption who live together.

FAMILIES AND THE RULE OF DESCENT

 DESCENT – the system of acknowledge social parentage

 KINSHIP – the most universal and basic of all human relationships, based on blood,
marriage or adoption.

TYPES OD DESCENT GROUPS

 UNLINEAL – tracing descent either to the mother or the father

 MATRILINEAL – tracing descent through females founding female ancestors
 PATRILINEAL – tracing descent through males founding males ancestors
 AMBILINEAL – the children have the option either the father or mother’s family group

DEFINING MARRIAGE

 MARRIAGE – an agreement of procreation, contract of permanent union. The minimum

age for marriage is 18 years but parental consent is necessary for those below 21 years.

TYPES OF MARRIAGE

 POLYGAMY – more than two partners

 POLYGYNY – man is married to more than one wife
 POLYANDRY – woman is married to more than one husband
 GROUP OF CONJOINT MARRIAGE – multiple husbands and wives
 SORORAL POLYGYNY – man is allowed to marry the sister of his wife
 MONOGAMY – married to one partner
 ENDOGAMY – marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group
 EXOGAMY – the practice of marrying outside one’s group

VOID MARRIAGE UNDER THE FAMILY CODE

 ARTICLE 37 – marriage between the following are incestuous and void from the
beginning, whether relationship between parties be legitimate:
 Between ascendents and descendants of any degree; and
 Between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood
 ARTICLE 38 – the following marriage shall be void from the beginning for a reason of
public policy:
  Between collateral blood relatives whether legitimate of not, up to the fourth
civil degree.

SAME SEX MARRIAGE – “gay marriage” marriage between people with same sex. As of 2014, 16
countries allowed same sex marriage.

DIVORCE – a court saying that a man and woman are no longer husband and wife

ANNULMENT – a judicial statement that there never was a marriage between the man and
woman

LEGAL SEPERATION – a decree that gives a husband and wife the right to live separately from
each other but not allowed by the law to remarry

WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR ANNULMENT?

 ARTICLE 45 – the family code of the Philippines, there are six legal grounds for
the annulment of a marriage
 Lack of parental consent
 Psychological incapacity
 Fraud
 Marriage is obtained by force, intimidation, or undue influence
 Impotence / physical incapability
 Consuming the marriage
 Serious sexually transmitted disease

TYPES OF FAMILY

 NUCLEAR FAMILY – consist of married couple and their biological or adopted children
 EXTENDED FAMILY – families that include the other members of the family such as your
uncle, grandparents and cousins.
 NUCLEARIZATION OF THE FAMILIES – process of growing dominance of nuclear families
over extended families in both rural or urban areas.

BASED ON RESIDENCE

 PATRILOCAL – moves to husband’s father’s community

 MATRILOCAL – residence of the wife’s family or people
 NEOLOCAL – a married couple chooses new residence
BASED ON AUTHORITY

 PATRIARCHAL FAMILY – authority is vested in the eldest male in the family, often the
father
 MATRIARCHAL FAMILY – authority is vested in the mothers or the mother’s kin
 EGALITARIAN FAMILY – a more or less equal amount or degree of authority
 MATRECENTRIC FAMILY – authority is usually found in places where the father
commutes and is out for the greater part of the day

POLITICAL DYNASTY – formed when a family members run for the office to keep their position
in power.

PHILIPPINES LAW – the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines states in Article II section 26: “the
state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political
dynasties as may be defined by law.”

PROPOSED LEGISLATION – on January 24, 2011, senator Miriam Defensor Santiago filed sentae
bill 2649, which prohibits political dynasties from holding or running for elected local
government position.

POLITICAL STRUCTURE OR INSTITUTION – organized way in which power is distributed and

decisions are made within the society

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS

 BANDS – simplest political system, ruled by village headman and the decision making are
made by concencus
 TRIBES – bigger compared to bands, practice agriculture, allowing them to support large
populations, for example is Igorot’s
 CHIEFDOM – a political organization, composed of a number of communities that is rules
by a permanent paramount chief coming from an elite family. Ex. Raja Soliman, Sultan
Kudarat

NATIONS AND STATES

 NATIONS – group of people shares a common history, language, traditions, customs,

habits, and ethnicity.
 STATE – political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty presiding a well-
defined territory
 NON-STATE – citizens on state belong to only one nation
 ELEMENTS OF STATE

1. PEOPLE/POPULATION
2. TERRITORY
3. GOVERNMENT
4. SOVEREIGNTY

POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND AUTHORITY

 AUTHORITY – the power to make binding decisions and issue commands. What makes
authority binding and worthy of obedience is legitimacy.
 LEGITIMACY – a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power and
right to authority. It must be legitimate.

3 TYPES OF AUTHORITY

1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY – monarchy

2. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY – pastor Quiboloy
3. RATIONAL – based on law

GOVERNMENT – who have the authority and control of others

3 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

 LEGISLATIVE – make laws

 EXECUTIVE – enforces law
 JUDICIARY – adjudicates case or disputes

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

1. THEORACY – rules by someone who has religious authority, ex. Pope.

2. MONARCHY – ruled by king and passed down through the family
 Constitutional
 Absolute
 Mixed
 Commonwealth

CONSITITUTIONAL MONARCHY

 Also called a limited monarchy where the king and queen may have strictly
ceremonial duties, elected prime minister who is the head of government.

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY – the power of the king and queen is absolute, their word is law.
 MIXED MONARCHY – a monarchy which includes elements of democracy and
aristocracy

3. DEMOCRACY – supreme power is given to people and exercised by them directly, have free
elections.

4. COMMUNIST/ COMMUNISM – a system of government in which state plans and controls the
economy and citizens, just like north Korean.

5. DICTORSHIP – the government is under the control of one person, just like what Ferdinan
Emmanuel E.Marcos Sr. did.

6. PRESIDENTIAL – president is head of state as well as head of the government and the
executive is independent from legislative and judiciary, like Philippines.

7. PARLIAMENTARY – there is a president and prime minister. The president is the head of the
state while the prime minister is the head of the government, like Denmark, Finland, Greece

8. FEDERAL – two sets of organ, one organ takes care of the local affairs while the other takes
care of national affairs, like United States of America.

NATAPOS DINNNNN!!!!