Fundamentals of Robotics and Applications

(Course Code: BRA301)

Department of Robotics & Automation

JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore-560060
Fundamentals of Robotics & Applications

MODULE 5: Robotics Applications

 Course outcomes (COs) (Course Skill Set)

At the end of the course, students will be able to,

• Categorise various types of robots based on their design and applications.

• Apply the robotics concept to automate monotonous and hazardous tasks.

 MODULE 5: Robotics Applications

Content

Material Handling: pick and place, palletizing and depalletizing, machining loading and unloading,

welding & assembly, Medical, agricultural and space applications.

Unmanned vehicles: ground, aerial and underwater applications, robotics for CIM.

Types of robots: Manipulator, Legged robot, wheeled robot, aerial robots, Industrial robots,

Humanoids, Cobots, Autonomous robots, and Swarm robots

 Material Handling

• The robot is required to move a work part from one location to another.

• The basic of these applications is where the robot picks the part up from one position and transfers it to

another position.

• Also, the robot is used to load / unload a production machine.

Material-handling applications are categorised into;

1. Material transfer applications

2. Machine loading / unloading applications

 Material Handling

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT MATERIAL HANDLING

1. Part positioning and orientation

• Parts must be presented to the robot in a known position and orientation.

• Robots used in these applications do not generally possess highly sophisticated sensors that enable

them to seek out a part and identify its orientation before picking it up

2. Gripper design

• Special end effectors must be designed for the robot to grasp and hold the work part during the

handling operation
 Material Handling

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT MATERIAL HANDLING

3. Minimum distances moved

• The material-handling application should be planned so as to minimize the distances that the parts must

be moved.

• This can be accomplished by proper design of the workcell layout (e.g., keeping the equipment in the cell

close together), by proper gripper design (e.g., using a double gripper in a machine loading/unloading

operation), and by careful study of the robot motion cycle

 Material Handling

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT MATERIAL HANDLING

4. Robot work volume

• The cell layout must be designed with proper consideration given to the robot’s capability to reach the

extreme locations in the cell and still allow room to manoeuvre the gripper.

5. Robot weight capacity

• A robot with a sufficient weight carrying capacity must be specified for the application.
 Material Handling

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT MATERIAL HANDLING

6. Accuracy and repeatability

• Some applications require the materials to be handled with very high precision.

• Other applications are less demanding. The robot must be specified accordingly.

7. Robot Configurations, DOF, & Control

• Many parts transfer operations are accomplished by a robot with 2 to 4 joints of motion.

• Machine-loading applications often require more degrees of freedom.

• Robot control requirements are simple for most material-handling operations.

• Palletizing and picking parts from a moving conveyor, where the control requirements are more demanding.
 Material Handling

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ROBOT MATERIAL HANDLING

8. Machine utilization problems

• The applications has to effectively utilize all pieces of equipment in the cell.

• In a machine loading/unloading operation, the robot will be idle while the machine is working, and the

machine to be idle while the robot is working.

• In cases where a long machine cycle, the robot is idle a high proportion of the time.

• To increase the utilization of the robot, consideration should be given to the robot to service more

than a single machine.

 MATERIAL TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

• To move a part from one location to another without any complex constraints is termed material transfer

operation

• The place where the material is available for picking by the robot is known as the pick-up point.

• The robot’s end effector approaches this known location (point A), grasps by its gripper, moves away to a safe

distance (point B), moves close to another point (point C) and places the part at the desired location (point D).

• This forms a typical work cycle known as (A-B-C-D).

• The orientation of the part will be done at location point B or point C.

 MATERIAL TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

More complex work cycles of material transfer operations:

• Picking the part from a moving conveyor pickup point,

• Changing the motion patterns of the conveyor from cycle to cycle,

• Changing delivery point location based on some attributes of the part or

• Moving the part through multiple points in the work cycle to avoid obstacles
 MATERIAL TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

Example: pick-and-place operations (simple)

• The robot picks the part from one location and places it in another location.

• Some material transfer applications have motion patterns that change from cycle to cycle, thus

requiring a more sophisticated robot.

Example: Palletizing and depalletizing operations (complex)

• The robot must place each part in a different location on the pallet, thus forcing the robot to remember

or compute a separate motion cycle until the pallet is fully loaded.

 MATERIAL TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

Pick-and-Place Operations
• The robot picks up the part at one location and moves it to another

location.

• It picks up the part from the known location and orientation.

• The known location is a stationary location, which is achieved by stopping

the conveyor at the appropriate position by using a mechanical stop to

hold the part at the stationary location.

• An input interlock (limit switch) will indicate the part is in position and ready

for pickup.

• The robot would pick it up, move it, and position it at a desired location.

• The orientation of the part remains unchanged during the move.

 MATERIAL TRANSFER APPLICATIONS

Pick-and-Place Operations Limitations

1. in material transfer operations is when the robot tracks the parts along a

moving conveyor, and the robot is required to pick parts from the

conveyor.

2. The opposite case is when the robot must put parts onto the moving

conveyor.

• In either case, a more sophisticated sensor-interlock system is required to

determine the presence and location of the parts in the robot’s tracking

window.
 Palletizing and Depalletizing
• A pallet is a place that has several materials uniformly stacked.

• Palletizing is the process of staking materials side by side or one over the other.

• Removal of stacked materials is depalletizing

• Palletizing requires robot operations to stack materials without gaps in between

them systematically.

• Stacking medicinal pills, bottles, and gas cylinders are examples of palletizing.

• Depalletizing is a process that will remove the staked materials in a sequence.

• Points P and Q need not be stationary, but one or

both can be moving.
 Palletizing and Depalletizing

• The pallets can be moved mechanically within the plant by forklift trucks or

conveyors.

1. Palletizing & Depalletizing

2. Stacking & unstacking

 Palletizing and Depalletizing

Limitations

• Pallets may vary in size.

• Different products may be loaded onto the pallets;

• Differences in the numbers and combinations of cartons

• To deal with these variations, methods of identifying the cartons/pallets and

the way in which they are to be loaded or unloaded must be devised.

 Palletizing and Depalletizing

Solution

• Use of Barcodes & optical schemes to solve identification problem.

• Differences in the loading / unloading of the pallets must be accomplished by means of program

subroutines, called by the workcell controller

• Depalletizing operations, the optical reader system would identify the pallet
 MACHINE LOADING AND UNLOADING / MACHINE TENDING

• The loading of parts into a machine and unloading it from the machine are the tasks for a robot.

• The robot picks up the part from a specific location and places it in a desired position and orientation into a

work-holding device.

• The machine starts the processing.

• After completing its processing, the machine gives a signal to the robot to unload the part.

• The robot unloads the part from the machine, and the part is delivered to another point, which may be a

conveyor or another machine.

• The former point is known as the ‘loading point’ and the latter is the ‘unloading point’.

• In the machine, loading and unloading are to be coordinated with machine timings (machine cycle time).

• Machine loading and unloading application is best characterized by the robot-centred work cell of the robot.
 Welding

• The end effector has a tool instead of a gripper; the robot manipulator performs manufacturing processes.

• The tool is temporarily attached to the end of the robot, this provides flexibility for tool changing.

Some of the processes where the robots are applied ;

1. Arc welding

2. Spot welding.

• Other processing applications: Drilling, polishing, water jet cutting.

• Artificial intelligence is applied in some form of robot applications, Chess coin movement.
 Welding
Arc Welding
• The quality of arc weld depends on the speed of electrode movement. If the speed is low, more metal will

deposit, and the weld will weaken. If the speed increases, less metal will deposit, and the weld is weak.

Hence, the speed has to be just sufficient.

• The arc emits UV radiation, which is injurious to the human eye and can cause permanent vision damage.

• Arc welding has other hazards, such as high temperature, molten metal, flying sparks and toxic fumes.

• Robots are employed to overcome these problems.

 Arc Welding Welding

Reasons why the robot is used in the arc welding:

1. The arc welding process is usually of low quantity.

2. The arc welding parts (or components) to be welded have variations.

3. The edges of parts are very irregular.

4. For a robot, negotiating a straight line path is as difficult as negotiating curves.

 Welding
Spot Welding
• Spot welding (also known as resistance spot welding) is a resistance welding process.

• Used primarily for welding two or more metal sheets together by applying pressure and heat from an

electric current to the weld area.

• Common application of industrial robots

• Widespread use in the automotive industry, improves productivity also, releases human operators from

tiring, and unpleasant tasks.

Schematic diagram of resistance spot welding

 CIM

• Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control

the entire production process.

• This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each part.

• Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers.

• CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors.

• It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.

 Objectives of CIM

Seven objectives in setting up a CIM process:

1. Obtain an economic order quantity approaching one

Key to controlling the cost of inventories of finished and in-process goods and will allow total flexibility

in the factory.

2. Approach a setup time of zero

Development of universal multipurpose fixtures, and tool-changing systems with unlimited numbers

of tools, storage of part-machining and assembly programs in computer memory, setup probes, and

other innovations are drastically reducing setup time.

 Objectives of CIM

Seven objectives in setting up a CIM process:

3. Obtain family-of-parts programming and production

• manufacturing processes is to start with grouping parts with similar characteristics into families.

• Parts related by design parameters and/or manufacturing characteristics are grouped together

• for optimized manufacturing and/or assembly in work cells

4. Integrate design and manufacturing

• CAD and CAM package is integrated.

• Interactive system in which the designs of the parts are optimized to be manufactured efficiently,

• The manufacturing process has the flexibility to accommodate relatively smaller numbers of a larger

variety of parts.
 Objectives of CIM

Seven objectives in setting up a CIM process

5. Establish inventory integrity and just-in-time parts delivery

• Materials procurement and handling are typically the largest manufacturing cost items (50 %)

• Just-in-time (JIT) production minimizes handling, and work-in-progress (WIP) inventory can dramatically

reduce capital requirements, improve cash flow, and reduce the breakeven point.

6. Establish absolute control of the total process

• In a properly designed CIM system, work cells are integrated with shop floor and factory management

computer systems, as well as the central database management system.

• Interfaces between all subsystems communicate with software.

• Management has complete control of the process.

 Objectives of CIM

Seven objectives in setting up a CIM process

7. Maximize efficient use of available workspace

• Robotized workstations in flexible manufacturing and assembly systems use minimal floor space.

• Pallet shuttles and vertical, gravity-fed parts delivery systems also efficiently use space.
 ASSEMBLY

• Assembly is the final stage of the manufacturing task.

• It is manual and labour-intensive.

• An estimation says that as much as 30–50% of human labour is required to get the finished product.

• Assembly operations in the manufacturing industry require automated assembly systems.

• Demands a large investment.

• The majority of products have only low and medium production, employ robots or other programmable or

flexible automation systems

• Assembly refers to, joining two or more discrete parts to form a new part or subassembly
 ASSEMBLY

• The final assembly requires a complex way of assembling parts, which requires

a considerable amount of handling, positioning and orienting parts.

• In addition, the subassembly requires a calculated and controlled force to mate

both or more parts together properly.

Assembly
• The assembled parts maintain their relationship with one another.

• In case of deviations, a robot would be, most of the time, unable to perform the

assembly successfully. A human is required to help the robot assemble the

parts correctly in such deviations.

Inspection
 Medical Robotics

• Most medical robots are designed to cooperate with surgeons and assist them during the operation.

• Robotic hand-held surgical instruments are enhanced mechatronic tools with a degree of integrated

intelligence and autonomy.

• They can assist the surgeons by adjusting movements and constraining the level of interaction with the

operative field.

• During the last three decades, medical robots have been increasingly used to perform many health tasks.

• They show promising future potential for use in a wide range of health issues
 Medical Robotics

• In the past few decades, surgical practice has been revolutionised by introducing advanced

instrumentation, enabling a paradigm shift from traditional open surgery to minimally invasive

surgery (MIS).

• The main advantage of MIS is attributed to a reduction in patient trauma, lower hospitalisation

costs, reduced tissue scar and surgical trauma, less pain and faster recovery
 Medical Robotics

• Medical robots are robotic machines utilized in health sciences.

• They can be categorized into three main classes

(1) Medical devices, including surgery robotic devices, diagnosis and drug delivery devices

(2) Assistive robotics, including wearable robots and rehabilitation devices

(3) Robots mimicking the human body, including prostheses, artificial organs, and body-part

simulators.
Types of Medical Robots
State of the art of robotics in the field of healthcare Types of Medical Robots

1.Surgical Robots:

1. Robotic Surgical Systems: Used in minimally invasive surgeries (MIS), controlled

by surgeons to perform precise movements with robotic arms and instruments.

2. Telepresence Robots: Enable remote surgery, allowing surgeons to control a

robot from a different location, potentially providing expertise to areas lacking

specialized medical professionals.

2. Rehabilitation Robots:

1. Exoskeletons: Wearable robotic devices assist patients with limb weakness or

paralysis in regaining mobility and strength through controlled movements.

2. Gait Training Robots: Aid individuals in recovering walking abilities after injuries

or surgeries by providing controlled support and guidance.

State of the art of robotics in the field of healthcare Types of Medical Robots

3. Diagnostic Robots:

1. Robot-Assisted Imaging: assist in precise positioning for medical imaging

procedures, ensuring accurate and consistent results.

2. Lab Automation Robots: Assist in laboratory tasks such as sample

handling, testing, and analysis, improving efficiency and reducing human

error.

4. Telepresence Robots:

1. Remote Presence Systems: Allow healthcare professionals to remotely

interact with patients, providing consultations, monitoring, and support

through robotic interfaces.

5. Pharmacy Automation Robots: Types of Medical Robots

1. Medication Dispensing Robots: Automate the process of dispensing and

managing medication, reducing errors and improving efficiency in hospital

pharmacies.

6. Robotic Prosthetics:

2. Bionic Limbs: Advanced robotic prosthetics that use sensors and

microprocessors to mimic natural movements, providing greater functionality

and control for amputees.

7. Robotic Assisted Therapy:

3. Socially Assistive Robots: Support therapeutic interventions for patients with

various conditions, including autism and dementia, by providing

companionship and assistance.

 Types of Medical Robots

8. Endoscopic Robots:

1. Endoscopic Robotic Systems: Assist in endoscopic surgeries by providing

enhanced dexterity and precision, particularly in hard-to-reach areas of the body.

9. Nanorobotics:

2. Microscale and Nanoscale Robots: Theoretical and emerging field involving

extremely small robots designed to operate at the cellular or molecular level for

diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

10. Robotic Radiosurgery:

3. CyberKnife and Gamma Knife: Systems that use robotic arms to deliver highly

focused radiation to tumours with sub-millimetre accuracy, minimizing damage to

surrounding healthy tissues.

 Navigation

1. Robots for Navigation. A robot arm moves the surgical instrument. This allows precise positioning based

on pre-operative imaging. The motion of anatomic structures (e.g. caused by respiration and pulsation) can

be tracked.

2. Robots for Motion Replication. The robot replicates the surgeon’s hand motion, via a passive robotic
interface. Thus , we can downscale the motion, reduce shocks, and improve minimally invasive methods.

3. Robots for Imaging. An imaging device is mounted to a robotic arm, to acquire 2D or 3D images.

4. Rehabilitation and Prosthetics. Mechatronic devices can support the recovery process of stroke patients.
• Robotic exoskeletons controlled by brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can replace or support damaged
anatomical structures.
Navigation
Some key aspects of medical robotics navigation;

1. Surgical Navigation Systems:

Image-Guided Surgery (IGS): Utilizes preoperative or intraoperative imaging data, such as CT scans or MRI,

to create a 3D map of the patient's anatomy. This map is then used for real-time navigation during surgery.

2. Robotic Surgical Navigation:

Robot-Assisted Navigation: Integrates robotic systems with navigation technologies to enhance the precision

and capabilities of surgical robots. Surgeons can benefit from improved visualization and guidance during

procedures.
Navigation

3. Orthopedic Navigation:

Computer-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery (CAOS): Used in orthopedic procedures, this navigation system

aids in precise implant placement, alignment, and bone resections, improving the overall accuracy of surgeries

such as joint replacements.

4. Neurosurgical Navigation:

Intraoperative Neuroimaging: Enables neurosurgeons to navigate and visualize critical structures in the brain

during surgery, enhancing the accuracy of tumour resections and other neurosurgical procedures.
Navigation

• ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) Navigation: Aid in navigating complex anatomical structures in the head and

neck region during surgeries

• Cardiac Navigation Systems: Aid in navigating the intricate structures of the heart

• Endoscopic Navigation: Providing real-time guidance for navigation through the gastrointestinal tract.

• Robotic Bronchoscopy: Combines robotics with navigation to enhance the accuracy of bronchoscopic

procedures and precise targeting of lesions within the lungs.

• Spinal Surgical Navigation: Assists in spine surgeries by providing real-time guidance for accurate screw

placement, spinal fusion, and other procedures

• Stereotactic Radiosurgery Navigation: Integrates robotics with radiosurgery systems for precise targeting of

tumours, ensuring that radiation is delivered with high accuracy.

Navigation
Some key aspects of medical robotics in navigation;

1. Surgical Navigation Systems:

Image-Guided Surgery (IGS): Utilizes preoperative or intraoperative imaging data, such as CT scans or MRI,

to create a 3D map of the patient's anatomy. This map is then used for real-time navigation during surgery.

2. Robotic Surgical Navigation:

Robot-Assisted Navigation: Integrates robotic systems with navigation technologies to enhance the precision

and capabilities of surgical robots. Surgeons can benefit from improved visualization and guidance during

procedures.
Navigation

3. Orthopedic Navigation:

Computer-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery (CAOS): Used in orthopedic procedures, this navigation system

aids in precise implant placement, alignment, and bone resections, improving the overall accuracy of surgeries

such as joint replacements.

4. Neurosurgical Navigation:

Intraoperative Neuroimaging: Enables neurosurgeons to navigate and visualize critical structures in the brain

during surgery, enhancing the accuracy of tumour resections and other neurosurgical procedures.
 Agricultural Applications

• Robots are designed to perform various tasks in the agricultural field, providing efficiency, precision,

and reducing the need for manual labor.

• Some key applications of robots in agriculture are

 Agricultural Applications
Precision Farming
• Automated Planting and Seeding: Robots equipped with precision tools can plant seeds with optimal

spacing and depth, ensuring efficient use of resources and maximizing crop yield.

• Precision Weeding: Robots can identify and remove weeds selectively, reducing the need for herbicides

and promoting sustainable farming practices.

Crop Monitoring and Management

• Drones and UAVs: UAVs with sensors can monitor crop health by capturing high-resolution images. This

data helps farmers identify areas that require attention, such as pest infestations or nutrient deficiencies.

• Autonomous Tractors and Harvesters: Robots can be programmed to navigate through fields

autonomously, performing tasks like ploughing, harvesting, and transporting crops.

 Agricultural Applications
Data Collection and Analysis
• Sensors and IoT Devices: Robots equipped with sensors can collect data on soil conditions, moisture

levels, and crop health. Enables farmers to make informed decisions and optimize agricultural practices.

Fruit and Vegetable Picking

Livestock Monitoring

• To monitor and manage livestock by automating feeding processes and guiding animals within designated

areas.

Post-Harvest Operations
• Sorting and Packaging Robots: Automation in sorting and packaging helps streamline post-harvest

operations, ensuring the quality of produce during transportation and storage.

 Space Applications

1. Planetary Exploration
• Robots like rovers are deployed to explore the surfaces of other planets and moons.
• Example: NASA's Mars rovers, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity, have provided valuable data about
the Martian surface.

2. Sample Collection
• Robotic arms and drills are used to collect samples from extraterrestrial bodies like asteroids, comets,
and planets.

3. Maintenance and Repair

• Robots can be used for maintenance and repair tasks on spacecraft and space stations.

4. Assembly and Construction

• In-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) robots may be used to extract resources from extraterrestrial bodies
and build infrastructure, such as habitats or landing pads, to support human exploration.
 Space Applications

6. Telepresence and Teleoperation

• Robots can enable humans to explore space remotely.
• Telepresence systems allow operators on Earth to control robots in space, conducting tasks such
as repairs or exploration without physically being there.

7. Environmental Monitoring
• Robots equipped with sensors can be deployed to monitor environmental conditions on other
planets or moons, providing valuable data for scientific research.

8. Space Debris Removal

• With the increasing amount of space debris, robots can play a role in removing defunct satellites or
other debris from orbit to mitigate the risk of collisions with active spacecraft.
 Space Applications

9. Autonomous Exploration
• Artificial intelligence and robotics advances enable autonomous exploration missions where robots
can navigate, make decisions, and adapt to unforeseen situations without constant human
intervention.

10. Search and Rescue:

• Robots can be deployed for search and rescue missions in space, such as locating and assisting
astronauts during extravehicular activities or emergency situations.
 Unmanned Vehicles
Ground Applications

1. Industrial Automation:

• Assembly, welding, and painting in industries like automotive, electronics, and consumer goods

production.

2. Agriculture:

• Planting, harvesting, and monitoring crops, contributing to precision agriculture and increased efficiency.

3. Search and Rescue:

• Robots equipped with sensors and cameras are deployed in search and rescue missions to locate and

assist people in hazardous or inaccessible areas.

4. Defence and Security: Reconnaissance, bomb disposal, and surveillance tasks in hostile environments.
 Unmanned Vehicles
Aerial Applications

1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

• Drones are widely used for aerial photography, videography, mapping, and surveying applications

across various industries, including agriculture, construction, and filmmaking.

2. Environmental Monitoring

• Aerial robots equipped with sensors are employed for monitoring air quality, wildlife habitats, and forest

health, providing valuable data for environmental conservation efforts.

3. Disaster Response

• Drones can be deployed in disaster-affected areas for rapid damage assessment, search and rescue

operations, and delivering essential supplies to affected populations.

Underwater Applications Unmanned Vehicles
1. Ocean Exploration

• Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are used for exploring the ocean

floor, conducting marine research, and studying underwater ecosystems and geological features.

2. Pipeline Inspection

• Underwater robots are employed for inspecting pipelines, underwater structures, and offshore oil rigs, detecting leaks,

corrosion, and other defects without the need for human divers.

3. Marine Archaeology

• ROVs equipped with cameras and sensors are utilised for exploring shipwrecks, underwater archaeological sites, and

submerged artefacts, preserving and documenting maritime history.

4. Aquaculture

• Underwater robots are employed in fish farming operations for tasks such as monitoring water quality, feeding fish,

inspecting aquaculture facilities, and improving productivity and sustainability in the aquaculture industry.
 Types of Robots
Manipulator

• Manipulator robots are typically robotic arms with multiple joints that can manipulate objects with
precision.
• Commonly used in manufacturing, assembly lines, and research laboratories.

Legged robot

• Have legs or a combination of legs and wheels for locomotion.

• Designed to navigate complex terrains where wheeled robots may struggle, making them suitable for
search and rescue missions, exploration, and military applications.
 Types of Robots
Wheeled Robot

• Wheeled robots are equipped with wheels for locomotion.

• Commonly used in applications such as logistics, surveillance, and planetary exploration, where smooth
and efficient movement on flat surfaces is required.

Aerial Robots

• Aerial robots, also known as drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

• are flying robots that can navigate through the air autonomously or under remote control.
• Utilized in diverse applications, including aerial photography, surveillance, agriculture, and delivery
services.
 Types of Robots
Industrial Robots

• Used in manufacturing and industrial settings for tasks such as welding, painting, assembly, and material
handling.

Humanoids

• Humanoid robots are designed to resemble and mimic human movements and behaviours to varying
degrees.
• Used in research, entertainment, and assistive roles such as elderly care and rehabilitation.

Cobots (Collaborative Robots)

• Designed to work alongside humans in shared workspaces, collaborating on tasks without safety
barriers.
• Equipped with sensors and advanced programming to ensure safe interaction with humans.
 Types of Robots
Autonomous Robots

• Operate independently without direct human intervention, relying on sensors, algorithms, and
decision-making capabilities to navigate and accomplish tasks.
• Used in various domains such as transportation, exploration, and environmental monitoring.

Swarm Robots

• A group of relatively simple robots that work together in a coordinated manner to accomplish tasks.
• They are inspired by collective behaviours observed in nature, such as swarms of insects or flocks of
birds
• Used in applications like search and rescue, surveillance, and environmental monitoring.
End of Module