Embedded Systems
in Autonomous
Vehicles
Welcome to a comprehensive overview of how embedded systems are
revolutionising the automotive industry, making self-driving cars a reality.
These intricate systems are the unseen force behind autonomous vehicles,
enabling them to navigate, perceive, and react to their environment with
unparalleled precision.
Key Components & Sensors
Vision Systems Sensing & Ranging
Cameras and LiDAR provide high-resolution environmental Radar and ultrasonic sensors detect proximity and speed,
mapping and object detection, crucial for navigation. enhancing safety in diverse weather conditions.
Precision Positioning Central Command
GPS and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) ensure Electronic Control Units (ECUs) act as the vehicle's brain,
accurate real-time localisation and orientation tracking. managing critical functions from engine to braking.
Real-Time Data Processing
Embedded CPUs are the powerhouse, processing vast
amounts of sensor data instantly. This real-time capability is
critical for immediate decision-making, enabling autonomous
vehicles to detect obstacles, plan safe paths, and execute
precise vehicle control.
Advanced neural networks, optimised for low-memory
embedded devices, exemplify how complex AI algorithms are
integrated into constrained hardware environments.
Navigation & Control Systems
Accurate Positioning Dynamic Control Assisted Driving
GPS combined with inertial sensors Embedded systems precisely control Features like adaptive cruise control
provides pinpoint accuracy for vehicle motor controllers and steering and lane-keeping are fundamental
localisation on the road. actuators for smooth, responsive building blocks towards full autonomy.
driving.
Safety Features & ADAS
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), powered by sophisticated embedded technology, are pivotal in enhancing vehicle
safety. These systems continuously monitor the vehicle's surroundings, offering features such as automatic collision avoidance,
lane-keeping assistance, and emergency braking. ADAS significantly reduces the risk of accidents by providing an extra layer of
real-time vigilance and intervention.
Communication Technologies: V2X
V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle)
Vehicles communicate with traffic lights and road sensors for Real-time data exchange between vehicles prevents collisions
optimal flow and reduced congestion. and anticipates traffic jams.
V2P (Vehicle-to-Pedestrian) V2N (Vehicle-to-Network)
Warns drivers of nearby pedestrians, enhancing safety for Connects vehicles to cloud services for navigation, updates,
vulnerable road users. and remote diagnostics.
Security Challenges in
Embedded Systems
"In the complex ecosystem of autonomous vehicles, a single
vulnerability can compromise an entire fleet."
Security is paramount. Vulnerabilities in ECUs pose significant risks to
vehicle control and data privacy. Memory safety and the integrity of the
software supply chain are critical areas of focus. Recent regulatory bans on
software from certain countries highlight the geopolitical and national
security implications of these systems.
Software & Development Tools
The development of autonomous vehicle software heavily
relies on sophisticated tools. Automatic code generation tools,
such as EcoCoder-AI, streamline the process, ensuring high
efficiency and reducing manual errors.
Platforms like Embedded Linux and various Real-Time
Operating Systems (RTOS) provide the foundational software
environment. Debugging tools are essential for identifying and
resolving complex issues in real-time embedded
environments.
Open-source projects play a pivotal role, accelerating
innovation and fostering collaborative development within the
autonomous vehicle industry.
Recent Innovations & Examples
Efficient AI Visionary Prototypes Industry Trailblazers
Lightweight neural network models OpenMV camera-based autonomous Google (Waymo), Volvo, and BMW
now run on devices with as little as driving prototypes are pushing the are leading the charge, deeply
121 KB RAM, demonstrating boundaries of compact, vision-driven integrating advanced embedded
incredible optimisation. systems. systems into their autonomous
vehicle fleets.
Conclusion & Future Outlook
Core Enablers
1
Embedded systems remain the fundamental backbone for all autonomous vehicle functionalities.
Continued Evolution
2 Ongoing advancements in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and
cybersecurity are crucial for progress.
Transformative Future
The road ahead promises safer, more efficient, and ultimately
3
fully autonomous transportation systems, reshaping urban
mobility.
Thank you for exploring the pivotal role of embedded systems in autonomous vehicles.
