Data communication & physical structure

of networks

Day - 1
What is Data Communication?

Exchange of data between two or more devices via some of the transmission
medium such as wire/wireless.

The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics:

• Delivery - The system must deliver data to the correct destination.

• Accuracy - The system must deliver the data accurately.
• Timeliness - The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
• Jitter - Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
Components used in Data Communication
There are five components used in data communication:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Transmission medium
4. Message
5. protocols
Data Representation

• Text – (0 – 9), (A - Z), (a - z) and special symbols.

• ASCII – 7 bit code (American standard code or information interchange)
• BCD – 4 bit code (Binary coded decimal).
• EBCDIC – 8 bit code (Extended binary coded decimal interchange code).
• UNICODE – 16, 32 bit code (Universal code).
• Numbers – ASCII code are not used to represent numbers. Numbers are directly
converted into Binary.
• Images – Images are also represent by bit patterns. An Images is a composed of a
matrix of Pixels.
• Audio – In the form of continuous signals.
• Video – It is a collection of images.
Data flow / Transmission Modes

• Simplex Transmission
• Half duplex Transmission
• Full Duplex Transmission
Network and their types
What is Network?

Computer network is a collection of two or more nodes and devices linked together for exchanging
information, data or resources.

Types of Networks

PAN LAN MAN CAN WAN

1. PAN – Personal Area Network
• PAN offers to make connections of multiple devices or other equipment within 10 meters.
• PAN network enables with few computer devices, telephones, laptop, PDAs, printers, smart
phone, electronic devices and other wearable computer devices.

There are two type of PAN

• Wired PAN - physical wires can be used like as USB.

• Wireless PAN – In this network, wireless connections

are established like as infrared, Bluetooth, NFC.
2. LAN - Local Area Network
• A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are connected in a limited area such as
school, home, and office building.
• Ethernet, bus network are the most common examples of LAN.
• It is a widely useful network for sharing
resources like files, printers, games and other application.
• Relatively high speed compared to other networks.
• It reduces the cost of hardware and software
• LAN offers the facility to share a single internet connection among all the LAN users.
 3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

1. MAN is, a City level network, larger than LANs and smaller than WANs. It mostly covers towns and
cities in a Approx. 50 km range.
2. Mostly used medium is optical fibers cables.
3. It provides excellent support for an extensive size network and greater access to WANs.
4. Cable TV is an example of MAN.
4. WAN – Wide Area Network
1. A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country, continent or even a whole world.
2. WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area.
3. Internet connection is an example of WAN.
4. Cost of investment is very high.
5. Difficult to maintain.
6. More errors.
7. More time to resolve.
5. CAN – Campus Area Network
1. CAN network helps to link couples of LANs with small geographical space such as schools,
university campuses, and corporate buildings.
2. CAN is larger to LAN but it smaller than WAN and MAN networks.
3. CAN may also stand for "Corporate Area Network."
4. A firewall or proxy server may also be used to limit the websites or Internet ports users can
access.
5. Single ISP (Internet Service Provider) is used by different client machines.
Physical structure of network

1. Point-to-point connection

2. Multipoint connection
Network Topology
• It is a physical architecture of a network.
• There are mainly five topologies
1. Bus / linear topology
2. Ring topology
3. Star topology
4. Mesh topology
5. Tree topology
1. Bus / Linear Topology
Bus topology is also called as a linear bus topology.

1. It is Multipoint connection.
2. Central cable failure.
3. Slow Transmission.
4. It provides unsecured medium.
5. Easy to install.
6. Difficultly in fault detection.
7. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with backbone cable.
8. Terminators are used at the end of the central cable.
2. Ring / Circular topology
In ring topology, Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Slow Transmission.
3. System or cable failure.
4. No security of data.
5. Easy to install.
6. In order for all computers to communicate with each other, all computers must be turned on.
6. Easy to add or remove a device.
7. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
3. Star topology
In this, all the devices are connected to a centralized device
known as HUB/Switch in the structure of a “STAR”.
1. It is Point to point structure.
2. Easily add and/or remove devices.
3. Secured transmission.
4. Fast Data Transmission.
5. Central device failure.
6. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
7. Easy to install.
8. Problem identification is easy.
9. Expensive due to the cost of cables and HUB/Switch.
4. Mesh Topology
In Mesh Topology, every node in the entire network is directly connected to every other.
1. Partially connected and fully connected.
2. It is a Point to point Structure.
3. Fast Transmission. No data traffic issues
4. Secured Transmission Mesh topology is reliable and robust
5. Highly complex structure. Fault detection is easy.
6. Any fault in the network doesn’t affect the entire network.
7. Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
 5. Tree topology
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology. This topology is the variation of Star topology.
This topology has a hierarchical flow of data. Tree topology is made by connecting various star
topologies via central bus backbone cable.

1. It is used for expansion of the network.

2. If central backbone cable gets a problem then the
whole network stops functioning.
3. It is highly expensive.
4. It is easy to find fault in the network.
5. Even more Complex installation.
6. we divide the whole network into segments
(star networks), which can be easily managed
and maintained.
7. Error detection and correction is easy.
8. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not affected.
5. Hybrid topology
A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For example a combination of
star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.

1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is our concern
then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing networks with
different topologies.
3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.
4. Fault detection is difficult.
5. Installation is difficult.
THANK YOU!