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Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology Merv
Fingas Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Merv Fingas
ISBN(s): 9781445665948, 1445665948
Edition: Retail PDF
File Details: PDF, 198.85 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
CONTENTS
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contributors
Author Biographies
Preface
Part I: Risk Analysis
1 Risk Analysis and Prevention
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Executive Summary
1.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis
1.4 Overview of Oil Spill Prevention
References
Part II: Oil Properties
2 Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products
2.3 Hydrocarbon Groups
2.4 Quality Assurance and Control
2.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk
Properties
References
Part III: Oil Composition and Properties
3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Composition of Oil
3.3 Properties of Oil
 References
4 Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behavior
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Oils
4.3 Historical Spills
4.4 Aquatic Toxicity
4.5 Properties of the Oils
4.6 Behavior in the Environment
4.7 Oxidation, Biodegradation, and Polymerization
4.8 Spill Countermeasures
4.9 Biofuels
4.10 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Oil Analysis
5 Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and
Petroleum Products
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques
5.3 Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis
5.4 Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition
5.5 Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons
5.6 Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study
References
6 Oil Spill Identification
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sampling
6.3 Sample Handling in the Laboratory
6.4 Analysis
6.5 Conclusions
 References
Part V: Oil Behavior
7 Oil and Petroleum Evaporation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Review of Historical Concepts
7.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models
7.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model
7.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models
7.6 Volatilization
7.7 Measurement of Evaporation
7.8 Summary
References
8 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Emulsions
8.3 Stability Indices
8.4 Formation of Emulsions
8.5 Modeling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Oil Behavior in Ice-Infested Waters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Spreading on Ice
9.3 Spreading on or in Snow
9.4 Spreading under Ice
9.5 Spreading on Water with Ice Present
9.6 The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading
9.7 Movement through Ice
9.8 Oil in Leads
 9.9 Absorption to Snow and Ice
9.10 Containment on Ice
9.11 Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice
9.12 Oil under Multiyear Ice
9.13 Oil in Pack Ice
9.14 Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention
9.15 Effect of Oil on Ice Properties
9.16 Concluding Remarks
References
Part VI: Modeling
10 Introduction to Spill Modeling
10.1 Introduction
10.2 An Overview of Weathering
10.3 Evaporation
10.4 Water Uptake and Emulsification
10.5 Natural Dispersion
10.6 Summary of Natural Dispersion
10.7 Other Processes
10.8 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling
10.9 Spill Modeling
References
11 Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil
List of Symbols
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Chapter Scope
11.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer
11.4 Water Currents
11.5 Waves
11.6 Sea Spray
 11.7 Langmuir Cells
11.8 Oil Transport
11.9 Areas of Active Research
References
Part VII: Detection, Tracking, and Remote Sensing
12 Oil Spill Remote Sensing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Atmospheric Properties
12.3 Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves
12.4 Visible Indications of Oil
12.5 Optical Sensors
12.6 Laser Fluorosensors
12.7 Microwave Sensors
12.8 Slick Thickness Determination
12.9 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems
12.10 Satellite Remote Sensing
12.11 Oil-Under-Ice Detection
12.12 Underwater Detection and Tracking
12.13 Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft
12.14 Real-Time Displays and Printers
12.15 Routine Surveillance
12.16 Future Trends
12.17 Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
13 Detection, Tracking, and Remote Sensing: Satellites and
Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Oil Spills Detection by Satellite
 13.3 From Research to Operational Services
13.4 Ancillary Data
13.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
14 Detection of Oil in, with, and under Ice and Snow
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow
14.3 Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional
Techniques
14.4 Conclusions
References
Part VIII: Oil Spills on Land
15 Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land
Oil Spills
15.3 Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills
on Land
15.4 Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation
15.5 In Situ Bioremediation Strategies
15.6 Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques
15.7 Bioaugmentation Strategies
15.8 Biostimulation Strategies
References
16 Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted
Soil: A Scientifically Proven Green Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s)
16.3 Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation
16.4 Achieving Regulatory Criteria
 16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part IX: Effects of Oil
17 Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil
Spills on Seabirds
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Vulnerability
17.3 Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds
17.4 Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care
17.5 Estimating Mortality
17.6 Long-Term Impacts
17.7 Restoration
References
18 Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sea Otters
18.3 Seals and Sea Lions
18.4 Sea Cows
18.5 Polar Bears
18.6 Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises
References
19 Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil
Weathering Degree
19.3 Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species
19.4 Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil
Impacts
19.5 Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh
 Recovery
Acknowledgments
References
Part X: Natural Dispersion
20 A Review of Natural Dispersion Models
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Mackay Approach
20.3 The Audunson Approach
20.4 The Delvigne Approach
20.5 Residence in the Water Column
20.6 Comparison of the Models
20.7 Conclusions
References
Part XI: Cold Region Spills
21 Arctic and Antarctic Spills
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Terrestrial Spills
21.3 Marine Spills
21.4 Policy
References
Part XII: Case Studies
22 The Prestige Oil Spill
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and
their Influence on the Spill
22.3 Oil Monitoring and Fate
22.4 The Assessment of Effects
22.5 Environmental Restoration
22.6 Conclusion
 References
23 The Grounding of the Bahía Paraíso, Arthur Harbor,
Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill Related
Hydrocarbons
23.1 Introduction and Background
23.2 Environmental Sampling
23.3 Conclusions
References
24 Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast, Pakistan
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and
Remediation
24.3 The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and
Technology (Most)
24.4 Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data
24.5 Oil Monitoring and Fate
24.6 Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level
24.7 Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes
24.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part XIII: Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables
Chapter 01
 Table 1.1 Event tree probabilities for tanker spills
Table 1.2 Probabilities of spillage for accidents of large-sized
double-hull tanker
Table 1.3 Probabilities of spillage for accidents of large-sized
single-hull tanker
Table 1.4 Comparison of spillage in large-sized single- vs.
double-hull tanker
Table 1.5 Potential hurricanes in Massachusetts
Table 1.6 Probability of occurrence per vessel trip applied to
fault tree analysis [5]
Table 1.7 Oil spills in U.S. marine waters (1990–1999) by
volume
Table 1.8 Probabilities of spill volume for U.S. tanker spills
(1985–2000)
Table 1.9 Probabilities of large spills for accidents of large
double-hull tankers
Table 1.10 Probabilities of large spills for accidents of large
single-hull tankers
Table 1.11 Modified oil type persistence classifications
Table 1.12 Shoreline substrate types and spill damage
implications
Table 1.13 Overall degree of sensitivity to oiling for cook inlet
species [38,39]
Table 1.14 Relative spill risk analysis for spills in Washington
State [27]
Table 1.15 Advantages and disadvantages of double hulls on
tank ships [3]
Table 1.16 Sample of marine oil spill fines and penalties
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Typical oil and fuel properties at 15°C
Chapter 03
Table 3.1 Typical composition of some oils and petroleum
products
Table 3.2 Typical alkane compounds in oil
Table 3.3 Gross composition of some crude oils and petroleum
products (all values in percent)
Table 3.4 Cycloalkanes found in oil and petroleum
Table 3.5 BTEX compounds found in oils and petroleum
Table 3.6 PAHs and alkylated PAHs found in oils and
petroleum
Table 3.7 EPA top 16 priority PAHs
Table 3.8 EPA 34 priority PAHs
Table 3.9 Naphthenoaromatic compounds found in oils
Table 3.10 Sulfur compounds found in oils
Table 3.11 Guadalupe results on sulfur in oil analysis
Table 3.12 Oxygenated compounds sometimes found in oils and
petroleum
Table 3.13 Table of nitrogen compounds sometimes found in
oils and petroleum
Table 3.14 Metal content (all content is in ppm—parts per
million, < indicates values below detection limit)
Table 3.15 Average molecular weights of resins for various
crude oils and petroleum products (from Porter et al. [16])
Table 3.16 Typical oil properties
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 Fatty acid content of vegetable oils
Table 4.2 Antioxidants used in vegetable oils
Table 4.3 Historical vegetable oil spills
 Table 4.4 Literature values for some properties (after Firestone
[41])
Table 4.5 Measured values of vegetable oil properties
Table 4.6 Behavior tests on some vegetable oils
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Relative abundance of chemical components in
various oils
Table 5.2 Target analytes frequently used for forensic oil
fingerprinting analysis
Table 5.3 Concentration of GC/FID-detectable petroleum
hydrocarbons in representative crude oils and refined
petroleum products
Table 5.4 Concentrations of target biomarker terpanes and
steranes in crude oils and refined petroleum products
Table 5.5 Concentrations of adamantanes and diamantanes in
crude oils and refined petroleum products
Table 5.6 Abundance of bicyclic sesquiterpanes in crude oils
and refined petroleum products
Table 5.7 BTEX and alkylbenzenes in crude oils and refined
petroleum products
Table 5.8 PAH concentration in representative crude oils
Table 5.9 PAH concentration in representative refined
petroleum products
Table 5.10 Effect of evaporation on petroleum hydrocarbons in
crude oil and diesel oil
Table 5.11 Effect of biodegradation on petroleum hydrocarbons
in Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend (ASMB) crude oil and Bunker C
Table 5.12 Diagnostic ratios of petroleum hydrocarbons
frequently used for environmental forensic studies
Table 5.13 Concentrations of selected hydrocarbon groups and
 diagnostic ratios of target compounds in the oil samples of the
case study
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 Overall approaches for identification of oil pollutants
Table 6.2 Multiparametric methods for fingerprinting oil
pollutants
Table 6.3 Identification of individual components of mass
fragmentograms in Figure 6.16
Table 6.4 Identification of PAH components of mass
fragmentograms in Figure 6.17
Table 6.5 Example of a ratio comparison based on the
repeatability limit
Table 6.6 Normative diagnostic ratios for the CEN/Tr method
Table 6.7 Variation of the source diagnostic ratios during
extensive oil biodegradation and photooxidation (in italics)
Chapter 07
Table 7.1 Saturation concentration of water and hydrocarbons
Table 7.2 Equations for predicting evaporation
Chapter 08
Table 8.A1 Summary of Oil and Emulsion properties
Table 8.A2 Long-term data on the emulsions produced from the
oils
Table 8.A3 Average, minimum, and maximum water-in-oil-type
composition and rheological properties
Table 8.1 Differences between water-in-oil states (two largest
starting oil property differences named)
Table 8.2 Calculation of a stability value
Table 8.A4 Effects of weathering on pairs or triplets of oils that
form water-in-oil types
 Table 8.3 Values used to correct oil property input parameters
for Model I
Table 8.4 Regression results for Model I
Table 8.5 Summary of calculations for Model I
Table 8.6 Viscosity increases from starting oil and typical water
content
Table 8.7 Regression results for the emulsification Model II
Table 8.8 Summary of calculations for Model II
Table 8.9 Comparison of model predictions (gray shading
indicates classification error)
Table 8.10 Comparison of Models I and II
Table 8.11 Wave height prediction
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Inputs for modeling emulsion formation
Table 10.2 Stability and the four oil types
Table 10.3 Viscosity increases from starting oil
Table 10.4 Time to formation prediction
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Relationship of thickness to appearance
Table 12.2 Current and future satellite-borne SAR sensors
Table 12.3 Attributes for airborne sensor selection
Table 12.4 Sensor suitability for various missions
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Main characteristics of satellites with SAR sensors
used for oil spills detection
Table 13.2 Satellite modes commonly used for ocean remote
sensing
Table 13.3 Commonly used features
 Table 13.4 Yearly coverage and possible oil spills detected over
the whole Mediterranean Sea in the period 1999–2004
Table 13.5 Look-alike patterns layout examples
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Acoustic impedance of materials
Table 14.2 Dielectric permittivity and conductivity
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Examples of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms
identified in field and laboratory studies
Table 15.2 Field results from selected in situ bioremediation
studies
Table 15.3 Field results from select ex situ bioremediation
studies
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Remediation in small-scale field trials of PEPS
Table 16.2 PHC remediation at several full-scale sites in Canada
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Main seabird families
Table 17.2 Main shorebird families
Table 17.3 Oil Vulnerability Indexes (OVI) for seabird families
in the Northeast Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean
Table 17.4 Summary of basic information needed for accurately
estimating seabird mortality after oil spills
Table 17.5 Conservation actions for seabirds
Table 17.6 Natural resource damage assessment restoration
projects designed to compenstate for injuries to seabirds as a
result of a marine oil spill in the U.S. from 1986 to 2007,
excluding Alaska
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 Physical Education - Book Review
Second 2025 - College

Prepared by: Teacher Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Best practices and recommendations

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Note: Important consideration
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
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Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 10: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
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[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 3: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 20: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
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[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
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• Study tips and learning strategies
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 26: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
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Definition: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Important: Experimental procedures and results
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- Note: Important consideration
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
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[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
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