MS-DOS Prepared by Ashish Kumar

Q. What is MS-DOS?
Ans: -Microsoft Disk Operating System is full form of MS-DOS. It is system software. At
first operating system is Microsoft Disk Operating System from first introduce computer.
Microsoft is a software development company, which is the biggest software company of the
world. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August
1981. It runs in 8KB. After that a lot of changes made in the MS-DOS software. MS-DOS
(Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a single-user, single-tasking computer operating
system. That can support only one user and only one task at a time. MS-DOS support CUI
(Character User Interface). MS-DOS control by the commands. Only Keyboard used in MS-DOS.
Types of MS-DOS COMMANDS
Any instruction given to the computer to perform a specific task is called command. The
DOS has several commands, each for a particular task and these are stored in DOS
directory on the disk. There are two types of MS-DOS commands: -
1. Internal Commands: -These are in built commands of MS-DOS i.e. these are stored in
Command interpreter file (COMMAND.COM). These commands enter into the computer memory
during computer booting. The internal commands are those commands that are
automatically loaded in the memory. To use these commands no external file is required
some commonly used DOS internal commands are. E.g. DATE, TIME, DIR, VER etc.
2. External commands: - An external command is an MS-DOS command that is not included
in command.com. This commands are not permanent part of the memory. To execute or run
this commands an external file is required. Some commonly used DOS external commands are
E.g. FORMAT, SYS, EDIT, TREE, SORT, PROMPT etc.
Q. What is the difference between internal and external commands?
Internal Command External Command
Internal commands are built in Command that External Commands are not contained to
pre-contained to the file “Command.com” the file “Command.com”
Internal command load on to memory at boot External commands do not load on to
time automatically. memory at boot time automatically. They
load when they are called.
Internal Command always loads on primary External Command only loaded by user
memory. request for execution.
All internal Commands remain available External commands do not available on to
on to memory un till power supply in on. memory it reside on disk.
Do not erase Internal Command. Erased this commands.
The working speed of this command is very Working speed is very slow.
fast.
The length of Internal Command is very The length of External Command is very
short. long.
How to Open Command Prompt
Method 1: - Start ->All Programs ->Accessories -> command prompt.
Method 2: - Start ->Run -> type cmd and click ok button.

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Internal DOS Commands

These commands are automatic loaded into the memory when operating system is loaded into
the memory. Thus these are also called memory-resident commands. The commands available
are all combined together and are stored in Command.com file, which is a executable
command file. These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties.
These are as follows.
1. CLS (Clear the screen): - It stands for Clear the Screen. It is an internal DOS
command. It is used to clear the instructions from the screen. To clear the screen
type CLS and press enter key. The cleared screen will display only command prompt and
cursor.
Syntax: -
C:\> CLS
2. Exit: - It is an internal DOS command. This command is use to exit from Ms-DOS
Program.
Syntax: -
C:\> EXIT
3. Date: - It is an internal DOS command. This command is use to display the current
date of system. And it also provides the facility to change the date of system.
Syntax :
C:\>Date
Example: -
C:\>Date
The current date is: Thu 03/31/2011
Enter the new date: (mm-dd-yy) :
So Here you can enter a new date for the system. Or press ENTER key to keep the same
date.
Note:- We enter new date in the format of MM-DD-YY.
Or
C:\> Date 08-20-2017
 Date/T: -The /T switch which tells the command to just output the current Date,
without prompting for a new date.
Syntax:-
C:\>date/t
Thu 03/31/2011
Note 1: - 01-01-1980 is the specific date from where DOS accept the Date.
Note 2: -The parameters used in date is (.) dot, (/) slash and (-) dash.
4. Time: - It is an internal DOS command. The time command is use to display the
current Time of system. And it also provides the facility to change the current time
of system.
Syntax :
C:\> Time
Example : -
C:\>Time
The current time is: 9:47:50.46
Enter the new time:
So Here you can enter a new Time for the system. Or press ENTER key to keep the same
Time.
 Time/T:- /T switch which tells the command to just output the current time, without
prompting for a new Time.To display only time of system you can also use:
C:\>time/t
09:52 AM

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5. Ver (Version): - It is an Internal Command. Displays the version of MS-DOS or, if

running Windows 95 or above, the version of Windows.
Syntax:-
C:> ver
Example:-
C:\> Ver
Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.10240]
6. VOL (Volume Label): - VOL stands for volume Label. It is an Internal Command. This
command is use to displays the disk volume label and serial number, if it exist.
Syntax: -
D:\>Vol
Example: -
D:\>Vol
Volume in drive D is Alpha
Volume Serial Number is 4008-E1D4
D:\> Vol F:
Volume in drive D is Ashish
Volume Serial Number is 4008-E1D4
Q. What is Directory?
Ans: -A directory is a user define blank space on disk. Where any one can store any file
and inside of this also create sub directories. It can be created by MD command / MKDIR
command. There are two different directory available in dos:-
i) Flat Directory:-The directory that do not have any sub directory or file is
known as flat directory.
ii) Hierarchical Directory: -The directory that have been a number of sub
directories and files is known as hierarchical directory.
Q. What is subdirectory?
Ans:- Under this directory we can create another directory which is known as
subdirectory.
7. MD/MKDIR (Make Directory): - MD stands for Make Directory. It is an internal DOS
command. We use this commands to make a new directory or sub directory.
Syntax: -
D:\>MD DIRECTORY NAME
Example : -
D:\>MD Ashish
8. CD or CHDIR (Change Directory): - CD stands for Change Directory .It is an
internal DOS command. This command is used to move from one directory to another.
Syntax: -
C:\> CD Directory name
Example :
D:\> CD Ashish
D:\Ashish>
Exit to Directory:
9. CD..:-The command move the subdirectory to parent directory.
Example:-
D:\Ashish\Ajay> CD..
D:\Ashish>
10. CD\: - The command is used to move directly to the root directory.
Example:-
D:\Ashish\Ajay> CD\
D:\>

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File related commands

Q. What is File?
Ans: -A collection of related data and information is called file. A file name is divided
into two parts i.e primary name and secondary name/Extension Name. The primary name is of
8 characters long and extension is 3 characters long. It can be created by copy con, type
con >>, edit etc.
Rules for naming Files
1. Every file has a name where minimum length can be of one character and maximum of 8
characters.
2. File names have an extension which must be of 3 characters.
Ex: -.exe, .com ,.bat.
3. File name and extensions are separated by a period, i.e, a dot
4. No two files can have the same name.
5. No blank spaces are allowed,
11. Copy Con: - It is an internal DOS command. This command gives the facility to
create a new text file.
Syntax: -
D:\Ashish>Copy Con file name
-------------------------------
-------------------------------
To create a file, the following steps are:
(i) Type Copy Con Keyboard and press Enter.
(ii) Type whatever is to be typed in the file.
(iii) Press F6 function key or CTRL + Z keys
(iv) Press Enter and after that the DOS will save the file and will display the message
‘1 File(s) copied. This means that file is stored in the disk.
Example:-
D:\Ashish>Copy con Keyboard
Keyboard is an input Device.
^z
1 File(s) copied.
D:\Ashish>
12. Type: - It is an internal DOS command. This command is used to view the contents of
text file.
Syntax: -
D:\Ashish>Type <file name>
Example 1:-
D:\Ashish>Type Keyboard
Keyboard is an input device.
D:\Ashish>
Example 2:-
D:\Ashish>Type Keyboard Mouse
Keyboard
Keyboard is an input device.
Mouse
Mouse is an input device.
D:\Ashish>
13. Type Con>>: - This command is use to add more contents in any exist file. For this
work you have to specify the old file name in which you want to add more data. If
you will specify a new file name then it also provides the facility to create a new
file.
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a) To create a new file: -

Syntax:-
D:\Ashish>Type Con >> new filename
Example:-
D:\Ashish>Type Con >> CPU
CPU is called brain of Computer.
^z
D:\Ashish>
b) To add more contents in exist file: -
Syntax:-
D:\Ashish>Type Con>> Exist filename
Example:-
D:\Ashish>Type Con>> CPU
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit
^z
14. Ren (Rename):- It is an internal DOS command. REN stands for Rename. This command
is used to change the name of any file or directory. In REN command two parameters are
used. The first is the file we want to rename and the second is the new name for the
file.
Syntax: -
D:\Ashish> Ren <old file name> <New file name>
Example:-
D:\Ashish> Ren Mouse Touchpad
15. Del /Erase: - It is an internal DOS command. This command is used to erase one or
more files which are no longer required.
Syntax: -
D:Ashish\> Del < File name >
Example: -
D:\Ashish> Del Touchpad
Example :-
D:\Ashish> Del Sonu Monu
Note: - /P option is used for permission before deleting the file.
Example :-
D:\Ashish> Del/P Monitor
D:\Ashish\Monitor, Delete(Y/N):Y
16. Copy: - Copy command is used for copy any file to another location or to copy the
files to another directory. This command may also be used for copying any file to
another disk with different file name. A copy of file is another file with the same
contents.
Syntax : -
D:\> copy <source> < destination path>
Example: -
D:\>copy D:\Ajay\Monitor D:\Ashish
1file(s) copied
 TO copy a file from hard disk to Floppy Disk.
D:\>COPY Monitor A:
1 file(s) copied
 To copy a file from Floppy Disk to Hard Disk.
A:\>COPY CPU D:\
1 file(s) copied

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17. RD or RMDIR (Remove Directory): - It is an internal DOS command. RD stands for

Remove Directory.This command is used when we want to remove any unusable directory
form our disk. If a Directory which was earlier is not required than such directory
can be removed by using RD command.
Syntax: -
D:\> RD Directory name
Example: -
D:\>RD Ajay
Rules for removing a directory:
(a) The directory, which is to be removed, must be empty.
(b) The directory in which one is working cannot be removed.
(c) One has to close the directory and come to the parent directory to remove that
directory.
18. DIR (Display information Resource): - This command is used to view the directory and
files present on your disk. It also shows created date, Time, size of the file and
directory. It shows how many bytes of memory you use and how many bytes are free in
your disk. The demerit of this command is that it scrolls the list without pausing.
We can use dir/p to see the directory page wise.
Syntax: -
C:\> DIR
Example:-

Options of Dir Command

1. DIR/P: - This option displays the results one page at a time.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/P
Example:-

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2. DIR/W: - By this command we can display width wise all files and directories name
list without time, size etc.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/W
Example:-

3. DIR/B: - Lists the subfolders/files names in bare format (no heading information or
summary).
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/B
Example:-

4. DIR/AD: -It shows only directories.

Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/AD
Example:-

5. DIR/A-D: -It shows only files.

Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/A-D
Example:-

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6. DIR /AH: - By this command we can display the hidden file from the drive.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/AH
Example:-

7. DIR /A-H: -It shows all files and directories except hidden.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/A-H
Example:-

8. DIR /AR: -It shows all files and directories with read only attributes.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/AR
Example:-

9. DIR /A-R: -It shows all files and directories except read only files.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/A-R
Example:-

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10. DIR /ON: -It shows all files and directories of current directory in
alphabetically name wise in ascending order.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/ON
Example:-

11. DIR /O-N: -It shows all files and directories of current directory in
alphabetically name wise in descending order.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/O-N
Example:-

12. DIR /OS: -It shows all files of current directory size wise in ascending order.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/OS
Example:-

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13. DIR /O-S: -It shows all files of current directory size wise in descending order.
Syntax: -
D:\> DIR/O-S
Example:-

14. DIR /OD: -It shows all files and directories of current directory of date and time
in ascending order.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/OD
Example:-

15. DIR /O-D: -It shows all files and directories of current directory of date and
time in descending order.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/OD
Example:-

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16. DIR/OE: -It shows all files and directories of current directory sorted extension
name in ascending order.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/OE
Example:-
D:\ASHISH> DIR/OE

17. DIR/O-E: -It shows all files and directories of current directory sorted extension
name in descending order.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/O-E
Example:-
D:\ASHISH> DIR/O-E

18. DIR/S: - By this command we can display directories name with sub directories and
files.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/S
Example:-
D:\Sonu> DIR/S

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19. DIR/L: – It is an Internal Command. By this command we can display the file and
directories name with lower case.
Syntax: -
D :\> DIR/L
Example:-
D:\AJAY> DIR/L

Wildcards
Wildcards are symbols that enable you to perform an MS-DOS operation on more than one
file at a time. A file specification that contains wildcards can refer to more than one
file because it gives MS-DOS a pattern to match. MS-DOS searches for any file whose
filename or extension matches the pattern. There are two wildcard characters:
1)? -A question mark in a filename or extension means that up to a maximum of ONE
character/letter/number can occupy that position.
2)* - An asterisk in a filename or extension means that any number of
characters/letters/numbers, (up to maximum of EIGHT before the dot, and up to a maximum
of THREE after the dot) can occupy that position.
Ex:-
 D:\ajay>DIR *.TXT : –By this command, we can display files name with ‘.txt’
extension name.
 D:\Ajay> DIR C* :-All those files will displays that begins with letter 'C'.
 D:\Ajay> DIR ?A? : -All those files will display that will consist of three letters
and second letter must be A.
Some Internal commands with wild card
 COPY:-If we have to copy the songs from our Pen drive to our Hard disk. Then we
suppose E:\ is our Pen drive and we have to store all the songs in C:\ SONGS
directory.
Ex:-
C:\> COPY E:\ *.MP3 C:\ SONGS
 DEL:- If we want to erase those files which have the extension of 'txt' from our disk
then we uses the command
Ex: -
C:\> DEL *.txt
22. Prompt: - Prompt is a common feature of DOS. Prompt is placed on the left hand side
of the screen and it tells that the computer is ready to accept instructions. DOS
commands are typed here. In MS-DOS the disk drives are normally represented by letter A:
B: C: D: etc and are followed by flashing cursor. This whole string is called Command
Prompt. Prompt is an internal command of DOS that allows the user to change the DOS
prompt. The default prompt is current drive and location followed by > Symbol.

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Syntax: -
D:\Ashish> Prompt $Option
Ex:-
D:\Ashish> Prompt $D
10-07-2017 Prompt $P$G
D:\Ashish>

23. Color: -The color command is an internal command . Sets the default console
foreground and background colors.
Syntax: -
D:\>COLOR [attr]
 attr: -Specifies color attribute of console output
Color attributes are specified by TWO hex digits -- the first corresponds to the
background; the second the foreground. Each digit can be any of the below values.
0 = Black 8 = Gray
1 = Blue 9 = Light Blue
2 = Green A = Light Green
3 = Aqua B = Light Aqua
4 = Red C = Light Red
5 = Purple D = Light Purple
6 = Yellow E = Light Yellow
7 = White F = Bright White
Ex:-
D:\>Color 0A
Creates a Black background with light bright green text.

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Q. What is Batch File?

Ans: - A batch file is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a computer
operating system. It's called a batch file because it batches (bundles or packages) into
a single file a set of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the system
interactively from a keyboard one at a time. A batch file is usually created for command
sequences for which a user has a repeated need. A batch file is created by copy con
command . A batch file is stored as a file with a .bat file extension.
Syntax: -
D:\> Copy Con Filename.bat
Example:-
D:>Copy Con Hello.bat
CLS
Date/t
Time/t
Ver
Vol
pause
CLS
^z
1 File(s) copied.
D:\>
24. Pause: - Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message 'Press any
key to continue. . .
External DOS Commands
1. LABEL: - It is an External DOS command .This command creates, changes or delete the
volume label on a disk.
Syntax:-

2. MORE: - It is an External DOS command. Using TYPE command we can see the content of
any file. But if length of file is greater than 25 lines then remaining lines will
scroll up. To overcome through this problem we uses MORE command. Using this command
we can pause the display after each 25 lines.
Syntax:-
D:\> TYPE <File name> | MORE
D:\> More <File Name>
Example: -
D:\Ashish> TYPE Computer | MORE
There are a number of options written along with More Command i.e: -
i) /C: - Clear screen before displaying page.
Example: -
D:\Ashish> More/c Computer
ii) +n: - Start displaying the first file at line n.
Example: -
D:\Ashish> More +2 Computer
3. FC:-(File Compare) This command is capable for comparing two set of files and display
difference between two files.
Syntax:-
C:\> FC[/switch] <First set of file> <Second set of file>

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Ex:-
a) FC/A: - It displays only first and last lines for each set of differences.
D:\Ashish>FC/A keyboard mouse
b) FC/B: - It performs a binary comparison.
D:\Ashish> FC/A keyboard mouse
c) FC/N: -It displays the line number on comparison.
D:\Ashish> FC/A keyboard mouse
3. Edit Command: - The edit command is an external command. The MS-DOS editor is a
command line text editor that allows you to view, create, or modify any file on your
computer. Edit meant Editor is very good utility for creating or modifying any file.
To start Edit type Edit on dos prompt (D:\>Edit) and press enter. Then a full
screen window will appear like this-

Menu bar: -A menu bar contains various commands. Which are given in detail. Select the
items from menu and click.
1.) FILE Menu (Alt+F):- We can activate File menu by pressing Alt+F key. File menu is
used to handle all the operations regarding file such as to create a new file, to
save a file,to open a file etc.
i) New :- New command open a new window for creating new file with file name Untitled.
ii) Open : - Opens a previously saved document.
How to open any file
Step 1: click on File. Or press Alt+F key.
Step 2: -The file menu will appear.
Step 3: -Choose open option.
Step 4: -Then press enter key.
Step 5: - A open dialog box will be appear.

Step 6: - Select the file name.

Step 7: - Then press enter key.

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iii) Save :- This option is used to save the file.

Step 1: click on File. Or press Alt+F key.
Step 2: -The file menu will appear.
Step 3: -Choose Save option.
Step 4: -Then press enter key.
Step 5: - A Save As dialog box will be appear.

Step 6: -Enter a new file name in File Name field and press enter.
iv) Save As...:- To save and making another copy. This option is same like as copy
command of DOS.
v) Close: - To close active file.
vi) Print...:- Prints the active file.

vii) Exit:- To close Edit and return to DOS prompt.

2) Edit Menu (Alt+F):-All the commands available in this menu are related to editing the
current open document. Before start editing we must need to select the text. The key
combination for selecting the text are as given below-
SHIFT + LEFT ARROW Select one character left
SHIFT + RIGHT ARROW Select one character right
SHIFT + DOWN ARROW Select one line below the current line
SHIFT + UP ARROW Select one line up to the current line
SHIFT + CTRL + LEFT ARROW Select one word left
SHIFT + CTRL + RIGHT ARROW Select one word right
Select to beginning of current line from current
SHIFT + HOME
cursor position.
SHIFT + END Select to End of line from current cursor position.
i) CUT (Ctrl+X):- Cut option remove the selected text and store them to the memory
buffer. The sortcut key for cut is CTRL + X.
ii) COPY (Ctrl+C):- Copy option copy the selected text into memory buffer. selected
text can be copied also by pressing CTRL + C
iii) PASTE (Ctrl+V):- Paste will insert the text store in computers buffer to the
current cursor position. It can be achieved by pressing CTRL + V button.
iv) CLEAR (Del):- We can delete the selected text for ever by clear option. This
command is useful when we need to delete a long paragraph or more than a line. We
select the whole line by pressing SHIFT + DOWN ARROW key and after selection just
press DEL key the sort key for this option.

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3) Search Menu (Alt+S):- This menu contains the items for searching and replacing the text of
document. This facility provide very powerful feature when we have to replace text with another
text in a large document.

i) Find:- We can find any text in the current

document. For that at first go to the top of
document. Select Search->Find . In appeared
window type text to be search in Find
what field.

ii) Repeat last find (F3):- From Find edit will search only once the text we type on the Find
What field. If we want to search same text , the we select Search->Repeat Last Find or just
press F3 button.
iii) Replace:- Edit gives the facility to search a text and replace that text with other upon your
choice. Suppose we want to replace all HEMAN we uses in current document with MACROMAN then we
select Replace from Search->Replace... and press enter. In appeared window we type HEMAN in Find
what field and type in MACROMAN in Replace with field.

Select Replace button to replace only first find text otherwise select Replace All to replace all
HEMAN with MACROMAN without asking any more for replace.
4) View Menu (Alt+V):- We can open more than a file into edit. We can open upto 9 files at a
time into editor. View option gives the facility to reload these currently loaded files. We can
display two files at a time after splitting current window in two parts. Both different window
may contain different files in each.
i) Split Window (Ctrl+F6):- As declared above that we can open two files at same time in two
different window. Place the cursor in the document after which we have to split the window and
select View->Split Window option.
ii) Resize Window (Ctrl+F8):- To change the size of each window we select this option. To change
the size of the selected window select View->Resize Window and press enter. The divider between
two files will change to resizable cursor, which can be move up or down using up and down arrow
key. To fix the size press enter key.
iii) Close Window (Ctrl+F4):- If you are not more need of two window, place the cursor in one
which you want to close and select View->Close Window. Second window will maximize to full screen
mode.
5) Option Menu (Alt+O):- This menu contains the items for changing settings for editor like
setting of printer port, tab spacing and color management.
i) Settings...:- This option is used for set tab spacing and printer port setting.

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ii)Colors: - The editor windows contains different item such as window border, menubar, Normal text, selection
etc. We can change the background and foreground color of these item. A dialog box appear from where we
select the item and color as shown below.

6) Help Menu: -Using the Help menu we can get any help regarding any option of the editor.
5. DOSKEY:- It is an External DOS command .Once we install doskey , our dos will star to memorize all
commands we uses. We can recall those commands using up or down arrow keys. It also gives the facility to
create macros, which creates a short key for long keyword or command.
Key function for Doskey are given as-
UP,DOWN arrows recall commands
Esc clears current command
F7 displays command history
Alt+F7 clears command history
F9 selects a command by number
Alt+F10 clears macro definitions
Syntax:-
C:\> DOSKEY
DOSKey installed
Creating Macros:-
C:\>doskey t=time
C:\>t
C:\>time
Current time is 3:39:05.97p
Enter new time:
To list out all macros defined just type DOSKEY/MACROS at dos prompt and press enter.
C:\>DOSKEY/MACROS
D=date
T=time
6. MOVE:- Move command is used for moving one file or multiple files from one location to another location
or from one disk to another disk.
Syntax:-
C:\> MOVE <file name> <path name>
Example: -
D:\Ashish> MOVE keyboard.txt D:\Alpha
1file(s) Movied.
D:\Ashish> MOVE *.Jpg E:\Wallpaper
11file(s) Movied.
7. XCOPY:- When we need to copy a directory instant of a file from one location to another the we
uses xcopy command. This command is much faster than copy command.
Syntax:-
C:\> XCOPY < Source dirname > <Target dirname>
Example: -
C:\> XCOPY D:\Ashish E:\Suraj
8. ATTRIB:- Sets the various type of attribute to a file. Like Read only, Archive, Hidden and System
attribute.
Syntax:-
C:\> ATTRIB [± r] [± a] [± h] [± s] <File name>
here r - for read only, a- for archive, h - for hidden, s - for hidden attribute.
C:\> ATTRIB +r Gulab.txt
This command will change the attribute of file gulab.txt to read only mode. To remove the read only
attribute we will follow this command.
C:\> ATTRIB -r Gulab.txt

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