Thermodynamics

Section A

Corollaries
1. State the zeroth law, first law, second law , third law of thermodynamics.
2. Zeroth law of thermodynamics gives an idea of temperature measurement- explain the
statement by stating the zeroth law.
3. Define flow and non-flow processes with classification. State and proof the corollary 2 of the
second law of thermodynamics.

First law of thermodynamics

1. State the first law of thermodynamics. Apply this law in case of boiler,nozzle and pump***
2. Show that dE = dQ-dW, where the symbols have their usual meanings.***
3. How heat and work are defined? Work is fully convertible to heat , but heat is not fully
convertible to work- justify the statement.
4. Prove that , for an ideal gas internal energy and enthalpy is solely function of temperature
and their change can be expressed as Cpdt respectively.
5. State and explain the first law of thermodynamics with its limitations.
6. Define internal energy. How will you get idea about the concept of internal energy from the
first law of thermodynamics.
7. Discuss the limitations of first law of thermodynamics. Show that dE = dQ-dW
8. Is it possible for a heat engine to operate without rejecting any waste heat to low
temperature reservoir?
9. A carnot heat engine receive 500kj of heat per cycle from a high temperature source at 652
degree C and rejects heat to a high temperature sink at 30 degree C. determine (i) the
thermal efficiency of this carnot engine and (ii) the amount of heat rejected per cycle .
10. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially ,
the internal energy of the fluid is 800kJ . during the cooling process, the fluid loses 500kJ of
heat and the paddle wheel does 100Kj of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal
energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.
11. A system receives 10x10^ J in the form of heat energy in a specified process and it produces
work of 4x10^6 J. the system velocity changes from 10 m/s to 25 m/s for 50kg mass to the
system, determine the change in the internal energy of the system.

Control volume system

12. Write down the energy rate balance equation for a CV system and describe how the equation
changes for a 1 inlet, 1 exist SSSF system.
13. Distinguish between reversibility and irreversibility . write down the simplified steady
flow energy equation for a unit mass flow for a turbine.
14. Derive equation for adiabatic 1-inlet and 1-outlet sssf process
15. Show the application of different types of steady flow energy equation to
engineering system.
16. Air expands through a turbine from 8 bar , 960 k to 1 bar, 450 k. the inlet velocity is small
compared to the exit velocity of 90 m /s . the turbine operates at steady state and develops a
power output of 2500 kW. Heat transfer between the turbine and its surrounding and
potential energy effects are negligible. Modeling air as an ideal gas, calculate the mass flow
rate of air in kg/s and the exit area in m2.

Second law of thermodynamics

1. Define flow and non-flow processes with classification. State and proof the corollary 2 of the
second law of thermodynamics.
2. A process cannot take place unless it satisfies both the 1 st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics-
justify the statement.
3. Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process with suitable example. Also list the
factors that cause a process to be irreversible. Distinguish between reversibility and
irreversibility
4. What do you understand by perpetual motion machine of the first kind? Why is it impossible
in reality.
5. Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process with suitable examples. Also
list the factors that cause a process to be irreversible.
6. Distinguish between reversibility and irreversibility .
7. Derive expression for efficiency of carnot cycle.
8. What is ppm-I? prove that PPM-I is impossible.
9. Prove that violation of kelvin-plank statement leads to violation of the Clausius statement.**
10. What is irreversibilities? What are the effects of irreversibility on work output of a system.
11. Discuss about the 2nd and 3rd law of thermodynamics.
12. How does PPM-I differ from PPM-II?
13. What do you mean by thermal reservoir? Explain.

Entropy
14. What is entropy? Describe the principle of increase of entropy.
15. What is the third law of thermodynamics and Clausius inequality?
16. State and explain Clausius inequality. And with the help of Clausius inequality, prove
that entropy is a thermodynamic property
17. Define isolated system. Show that the entropy change for an isolated system can’t be
negative.
18. Discuss the concept of entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes,
providing examples of each.
19. Show that, ∮ if the cycle is reversible and negative if irreversible.
20. Derive Clausius-Clapeyron's latent heat equation. Explain the effect of change of
pressure on melting and boiling points of a substance, using this equation
21. Show that ∫12(dQ/T) where the notations have their usual meanings.
22. What is Clausius inequality theorem? What is the significance of Clausius-Clapeyron
equation?
23. Distinguish between reversibility and irreversibility . write down the simplified steady
flow energy equation for a unit mass flow for a turbine.
24. State and explain third law of thermodynamics with practical applications
25. Define entropy and enthalpy of a system. A system receives 10000kj in form of heat
energy in a specified process and it produces work 4000kJ. The system velocity
changes from 8m/s to 20m/s for 40 kg mass to the system, determine the change in
internal energy of the system.
26. Air at 1.3 bar , 423 k and a velocity of 40 m/s enters a nozzle operating at steady state and
expands adiabatically to the exit, where the pressure is 0.85 bar and the velocity is 307 m/s.
for air modeled as an ideal gas with k = 1.4 , determine for the nozzle (i) the temperature at
the exit in k and (ii) the isentropic nozzle efficiency.
27. Water initially a saturated liquid at 150˚C is contained within a piston–cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor
state, during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. There is no heat transfer
with the surroundings. If the change of state is brought about by the action of a
paddle wheel, determine the net work per unit mass, in kJ/kg, and the amount of
entropy produced per unit mass, in kJ/kgK.
28. Suppose that 1 kg of saturated water vapor at 100˚C is to a saturated liquid at 100˚C
in a constant-pressure process by heat transfer to the surrounding air, which is at
25˚C. What is the net increase in entropy of the water plus surroundings?
29. Air is compressed in a car engine from 22˚C and 95 kPa in a reversible and adiabatic
manner. If the compression ratio, rc = V1 / V2 of this engine is 8, determine the final
temperature of the air.
30. Determine the change in specific entropy, in KJ/kg-K, of air as an ideal gas
undergoing a process from 300 K, 1 bar to 400 K, 5 bar. Because of the relatively
small temperature range, we assume a constant value of cP = 1.008 KJ/kg-K
31. Air is contained in one half of an insulated tank. The other side is completely
evacuated. The membrane is punctured and air quickly fills the entire volume.
Calculate the specific entropy change of the isolated system.
32. Water, initially a saturated liquid at 150˚C (423.15 K), is contained in a piston–cylinder
assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding saturated vapor
state, during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder. If the change of state is
brought about by heating the water as it undergoes an internally reversible process
at constant pressure and temperature, determine the work and heat transfer per unit
of mass, each in kJ/kg
33. A novel reversible heat engine plot on T-S diagram is as circle. The maximum and minimum
temperature are 1100k and 200k, respectively and the maximum entropy change in the cycle
is 2kJ/k. calculate the heat added to the cycle , heat rejected, net work output and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle .

Thermodynamic processes
34. A system contains 0.15 m3 of a gas at a pressure of 3.8 bar and 150 degree C. it it expanded
adiabatically till the pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is then heated at a constant pressure till its
enthalpy increase by 70kJ. Determine the total work done.
35. Differentiate between heat engine, heat pump and refrigerator.

Section B
** Fuel + combustion of fuel **
36. What is meant by stoichiometric air fuel ratio? Why excess air is normally supplied to any
combustion system?
37. Define : minimum air of combustion and equivalent ratio.
38. Illustrate the reason behind the excess air supplied to an engine. Is It always necessary to
provide excess air to the engine- explain you answer.
39. What is fuel? What are the requirements of a good fuel?
40. What are alternative fuels? List down five alternative fuels.
41. What is calorific value of a fuel? Distinguish between HCV and LCV . also compare among
liquid , solid and gaseous fuels.
42. Define compression ratio and cut-off ratio for internal combustion engine.
43. What is calorific value of fuel. Write merits and demerits of gaseous fuel.
44. What are the products of completer and incomplete combustion? Why does this difference
happen?
45. Discuss the combustion of solid fuel with suitable chemical formula.
46. Coal from boropukuria coal mine is used in a boiler that has the following analysis: 82% of C,
5% of H2, 6% of O, 2% of N, 5% ash. The dry flue gas analysis showed 14% of Co2 and some
oxygen, calculate (i) oxygen content of the dry flue gas (ii) A/F ratio and excess air.
47. The ultimate analysis of dry coal burnt in a boiler is C 84%, H2 9%, and incombustibles 7% by
mass. Determine the mass of dry flue gases per ke of coal burnt, If the volumetric
composition of the gas is CO2 8.75%, CO 2.25%, Ο2 8% and N2 81%.
48. Calculate the minimum amount of air required for the complete combustion of 1kg of
Barapukuria coal with percentage composition by mass as follows C = 90%, H2 = 3.3%, 02 =
3.0%, N2 = 0.80%, S = 0.9% and ash = 2.00%.
49. The percentage composition (by mass) of a certain fuel is C 88%, H2 3.6%, O2 4.8% and ash
3.6%. The percentage composition (by volume) of the flue gases are CO2 10.9%, CO 1%, O2
7.1% and N2 81%. Determine (i) the mass of air supplied per kg of coal, (ii) the percentage of
excess air supplied.
50. A sample of coal was found on analysis to have the following composition by mass: C 72.2%,
H2 3.2%, O2 18.5%, S 2.4% and the remainder being incombustible matter. Calculate the
theoretical mass of air required for the complete combustion of 1 kg of this coal.
51. The percentage composition (by mass) of a certain fuel is C 88%, H2 3.6%, 02 4.8% and ash
3.6%. The percentage composition by volume of flue gases are CO2 10.9%, CO 1.0%, O2 7.1%
and N2 81%. Determine (i) the mass of air supplied per kg of coal (ii) the percentage excess
air supplied.
52. Coal from Pennsylvania has the following ultimate analysis by mass: C = 84.36%, H₂ = 1.89%,
02 = 4.40%, N2 = 0.63%, S = 0.89% and ash = 7.83%. Ignoring the ash content, determine the
mole fractions of the products, the apparent molar mass of the product and air fuel ratio
required for this combustion process.
53. The analysis of the dry exhaust from an internal combustion engine gave: 12% CO₂, 2% CO,
4% CH4, 1% H2, 4.5% 02, and the remainder nitrogen. Calculate the properties by mass of
carbon to hydrogen in the fuel assuming it to be a pure hydrocarbon.
54. A sample of cont. lots the following composition by mass: Carbon 75%, hydrogen 6%,
oxygen 8%, nitrogen 2.5%, Sulphur 1.5% and ash 7%. Calculate its higher and lower calorific
values per kg of coal.

Air refrigeration system

55. What is a ton refrigeration? Draw the schematic and p-h diagram of a standard vapour
compression refrigerator system.
56. Define COP. Show that (COP)hp = 1 + (COP)R.
57. Draw p-v and t-s diagram of an air refrigeration working cycle.
58. What is the definition of C.O.P and tonne of refrigeration? Differentiate between a
heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump
59. Briefly explain the mechanism of an air refrigerator working on Bell- Column cycle.
60. In which part of the refrigerator cooling effect is obtained? Identify other components of a
household refrigerator.
61. A household refrigerator that has power input of 450W and a C.O.P of 2.5 is to cool five large
water melons , 10kg of each to 8C. if the watermelons are initially at 25C, determine the
amount of heat that will be received by the refrigerator.
62. An ice plant produces 10x10^3 kg of ice per day at 0C using water at a temperature of 23C.
estimate the power required by the compressor’s motor, if the COP of the plant is 3.5 and the
transmission efficiency is 85%. Also find the amount of heat transferred from the system per
minute. Take Cp(water) = 4.1868 kJ/kg k and hfg(ice)= 334.5kJ/kg.
 Vapor compression refrigeration system
1. Draw a schematic of ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle and explain how it is differ from
carnot refrigeration cycle.
2. List the factors based on which the refrigerants are selected. Why are the synthetic refrigerants
such as CFCs and HCFCs not environmentally friendly?
3. Discuss the working principle of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle with net sketch.
4. A refrigerator uses refrigerant R-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.4 Mpa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant
is 0.05 kg/s, determine (i) the rate of heat removed from the refrigerated space and power input
to the compressor, (ii) the rate of heat rejection to the environment and (iii) the COP of the
refrigerant .
5. A vapor compression refrigeration works between the pressure limits of 60 bar and 25 bar. The
working fluid is just dry at the end of the compression and there is no under cooling of the liquid
before the expansion valve. Determine: (i) C.O.P of the cycle. (ii) capacity of the refrigerator if the
fluid flow is at the rate of 5kg/min.

Air conditioning system

1. Describe the working principle of a summer and a winter air conditioning system with neat sketch.
2. What are the factors that affect comfort air conditioning system?

IC engine
1. Draw an actual valve timing diagram of a four stroke SI engine and explain the diagram.
2. Discuss the relation between bsfc and engine speed.
3. Show the main components of I.C engine with proper sketch.
4. Draw valve timing diagram for four stroke cycle diesel engine and describe it. Compare with
actual valve timing diagram of diesel engine.
5. Define octane and cetane rating of fuel. Explain how these numbers control engines knocking
characteristics. Write down the importance of Octane number.
6. Describe with figure, the air cooling and water cooling system of an IC engine.
7. What is the effect of volumetric efficiency on (i) engine power (ii) specific fuel consumption?
8. What is indicated mean effective pressure?
9. Explain the construction and working principle of Bomb calorimeter.
10. Describe the figure, the air cooling and water cooling system of an IC engine.
11. Between SI and CI engine , which one has more overheating trouble and why?
12. Write down advantages of two stroke over four stroke cycle engine.
13. Describe the working principle of Curburetor.
14. Describe the strokes of a four-stroke diesel engine during its operation. Sketch a typical valve
timing diagram for this engine.
15. Between si and ci engines, which one is a high speed engine and why?
16. Describe the working principle of a four stroke petrol engine with neat sketch.
17. An engine has pistion diameter of 150mm , length of stroke 400mm and mean effective
pressure 5 bar. The engine makes 120 explosions per minute. Determine the mechanical
efficiency of the engine if its B.P is 5KW.
18. What is an IC engine ? what are the basic differences between diesel and petrol engines?
19. Discuss the working of a petrol engine with actual P-V diagram.
20. An engine uses 6.5 liter of oil per hour of calorific value 30000kj/kg. if the BP of the engine is
22KW and the mechanical efficiency 85% , determine overall thermal efficiency and BSFC.
21.
22. Define scavenging. A four stroke cycle petrol engine having bore 150mm, clearance volume
of 0.5 m3 and compression raio 2.15 , has mean effective pressure of 6 bar. The engine makes
120 explosions per minute . find out the IP of the engine.
23. Write down the function of the piston ring, crank case, camshaft and flywheel.
24. The diameter and stroke length of a single cylinder two stroke gas engine working on the
constant volume cycle are 200 mm and 300 mm respectively with clearance volume 2.78 litres.
When the constant engine is running at 135 rpm, the indicated mean effective pressure was
5.2 bar and gas consumption 8.8 m3/hr. if the calorific value of the gas used is 16350 kj/m3.
Find (i) air standard effiency (ii) indicated power developed by the engine and (iii) indicated
thermal efficiency of the engine.
25. The compression ratio of an air-standard diesel cycle is 15. At the beginning of of the

compression stroke , the pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 27 degree C. the maximum

workable temperature is 222 degree C. what is the thermal efficiency?

26. A six cylinder SI engine operates on the 43 stroke cycle . the bore of each cylinder is 80 mm
and stroke 100mm . the clearance volume per cylinder is 70cm3(cc). at a speed of 4000 rpm
the fuel consumption is20 kg/hr. and the torque developed is 150 N-m. calculate: (i) the brake
power (ii) brake thermal efficiency.
27. The output of an IC engine is measured by a Rope brake dynamometer. The diameter of the
brake pulley is 750mm and rope diameter is 50mm. the dead load on the tight side of rope is
410N and the spring balance reading is 50N. the engine consumes 4 kg/hr of fuel at rated
speed of 1000 rpm. The calorific value of fuel is 44100 KJ/kg. calculate brake specific fuel
consumption and the brake thermal efficiency.
28. An engine uses 6.5 kg of oil per hour of calorific value 30,000 k/kg. if the BP of the engine is
22 kw and mechanical efficiency 85% , determine overall thermal efficiency and bsfc.
29. A carnot engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature T1 and T3. The work output
of the engine is 0.6 times the heat rejected. The difference in temperature between the source
and the sink is 200 degree C. calculate the thermal efficiency , source temperature and the
sink temperature.
30.

**Thermodynamic air cycles**(1.5-2 set)

63. Define compression ratio and cut-off ratio for internal combustion engine.
64. Derive the expression of thermal efficiency of diesel cycle.
65. Why stirling cycle, ericsson cycle and carnot cycle have same efficiency equation?
66. Prove that , for an ideal gas internal energy and enthalpy is solely function of temperature
and their change can be expressed as Cpdt respectively.
67. Draw and explain P-V and T-S diagram of ericsion and otto cycle.
68. Draw the p-v and t-s diagrams of and ideal diesel cycle. Also show that n(ottto)
>n(diesel) when both works on same compression ratio.
69. Draw and explain P-v and T-s diagram of stirling cycle.
70. Show the differences between ideal and actual diesel cycle using p-v and t-s
diagram.
71. What is air standard ? how does it differ from actual cycle.
72. Draw the P-V and T-S diagram of Ericsson cycle , dual combustion cycle and diesel cycle.
73. Show that efficiency of dual combustion cycle is greater than diesel cycle and less than otto
cycle for the same compression ratio.
74. Write the relationship between compression ratio and volume of a cylinder of an IC engine.
Also state the assumptions which should be followed in thermodymanic cycles.
75. Prove that , two reversible engines operating between two given thermal reservoir will have
the same efficiency.
76. An engine of 250mm bored and 375 mm stroke works on Otto cycle. The clearance volume is
0.00263 m3. The initial pressure and temperature are 1bar and 50degree C. if the maximum
pressure is limited to 25bar, find (i)the air stand efficiency of the cycle (ii) the mean effective
pressure for the cycle, assume the ideal air standard condition.
77. A carnot engine operates between two reservoir at temperature T1 and T3. The work output
of the engine is 0.6 times the heat rejected. The difference in temperature between the source
and the sink is 200 degree C. calculate the thermal efficiency of ,source temperature and the
sink temperature.
78. An ideal air standard diesel cycle engine has a compression ratio of 18 and a cut-off ratio of 2.
At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100Kpa , 27 degree C.
determine the temperature and pressure at the end of each process , the net work output and
the thermal efficiency. Take Cp = 1.005 KJ/kg.K , Cv= 0.717 KJ/kg.K, gamma= 1 .4
79. A carnot engine receive 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a higher temperature source at 625
degree Celsius and rejects heat to a lower temperature sink at 30 degree Celsius. Determine
(i) the thermal efficiency of this engine and (ii) the amount of heat rejected.
80. Find the air standard efficiency of a diesel engine with compression ratio 12:1 and with fuel
cut-off at 8% of the stroke.
81. What are the basic differences between diesel engine and patrol engine. Also mention their
respective applications.
82. Deduce an expression for thermal efficiency of diesel cycle.
83. An engine working on air standard otto cycle with the compression ratio of 7 and the
compression begins at 1 bar and 30 degree C. the heat added is 2500kJ/kg. determine
efficiency of the cycle .
84. A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 20 and cut-off takes place at 5% of stroke, find the
air standard efficiency if gamma = 1.4.