CALCULATION OF WOOD SUPPORTS IN RURAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction

For the sizing of the supports, the following stresses must be considered:

1) Vertical: The normal vertical loads are due to the weight of the conductors and their
masonry. The weight of the post may not be considered since it must first
to dimension

2) Horizontals: These are due to the imbalance of mechanical stresses in the

drivers, especially at the detours, and to the action of the wind, which is a load
persistent throughout the line.

The posts, being made of wood, will simply be embedded, that is, there will be no...
foundations and the height will result from the calculations made.

2. Objectives

Taking into account the considerations made regarding the openings for the different
states and, having determined an economic gap for a rural medium voltage line in
100 meters, as well as the maximum load of the conductors (in kg/phase), is
they will proceed to measure the different types of supports that are used in this type of
line, as well as its reinforcements.

For this purpose, the following requests will be taken into account:

Wind load on all elements;

Pull all the cables;
Own weight of all elements;
Overloads (for maintenance and assembly);
Load hypothesis.

The rural system also has the following characteristics

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Service voltage of the line;
Economic vane;
Material and section of the conductors;
Number of triples;
Climate zone.

3. Classification of structures

A) Supports: They are designed to support the line when the stakes (the layout of the
posts) are aligned.

B) Deviations: They support the line when an angle is formed at the stakes.

C) Retention: They are capable of withstanding the tension that originates in the line when the
it becomes unbalanced due to the breakage of one of the conductors, or during the
stretched. They provide fixed points on the line.

D) Terminals: They are used at the ends of the line and it is where the conductors are fixed.
bearing the fire from all of them.

E) Combined: When they simultaneously cover the functions of two or more types, in
whose case is called retention-diversion.

F) Specials: They are those that have characteristics different from those indicated in the
previous classification.

The terminology used in the structures is as follows:

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4. Name of wooden supports

The supports are named based on the following parameters:

. total length of the pole (L);

. force that supports at the top;
. nominal load, given in Kg (F);
. safety coefficient (K), which is the ratio between the breaking load and the nominal.
The parameters are given in the following order: L / F / K.

For example: 11/ 400 / 3

Another way to refer to them is by directly using the breaking load, taken as
product between the nominal load and the safety coefficient preceded by the letter "R"
to said value.

In the previous example it will be: 11 / R 1200.

Regarding the height of the pole, if it is different from the one taken as a reference
for the support hold, it is limited as follows:

. S+1: Normal suspension + 1 meter

. S+2: Normal suspension + 2 meters
. D30 + 2: Deviation of 30º + 2 meters

5. Types of poles
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Wooden poles of diameter and height according to table item 6.1 will be used.

They must be made of hardwood; otherwise, if they are made of softwood, they must be
treatments with substances to prevent putrefaction. In the treatment, the use of
impregnation in autoclave using the vacuum-pressure method. The impregnating substances
they are chrome-copper-arsenical sales.

The posts must be cut at the top at an angle, with a slope of 35º to 45º, to
prevent premature rotting due to water stagnation. They must be
reimpregnated before their installation in the section between 15 cm above and
45 cm below the embedding section. They are not impregnated in the section of the
base to allow the natural drainage of the post.

For the calculation, the following values are adopted as an example:

Specific weight: 1 T/m3

Allowable bending stress (safety factor) 150 KG/cm²
3):
Conicity: 0.5 cm/m
Slenderness coefficient: dc/ H1
Strength at the top: Indicated according to the pole table

In case the value of the permissible stress in the wood is not known, it can be calculated
using the following formula:

admwood = Fc wood (1 + K . H1On

2
top)
Sup atop . m . J

where:

K: coefficient that depends on the material; for wood it is 0.02;

clear height
J: moment of inertia given by the expression:

J =  .  e4
64
equivalent diameter
m: coefficient that depends on the way the ends of a piece are fixed
compressed and can be worth 1 when both poles are articulated (type 'A' support) or 2
when one is articulated and the other is embedded.

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The posts used are made of eucalyptus wood impregnated with salts.
vacuum pressure system, with hardwood crosspieces (lapacho) and arms
metallic. The arrangement adopted is coplanar for the three-phase system for a pole of
nutrition.

5.1 Limitations for the use of wooden poles

The use of wooden supports is prohibited in the openings that cross above.
electrified railway lines.

Wooden poles are used in urban low voltage lines and in rural 13.2 KV lines.
KV is used if the span does not exceed 150 meters.

The criteria presented are not set in stone, that is, they are criteria adopted in our
country.

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The rules are guidelines but do not limit a project. A project must take into account the
characteristics specific to the situation and particularly in rural designs, must be
approved by the Energy Regulatory Entities.

For example, the data for the trunk rural line is as follows

Type of driver: aluminum alloy 50 0 95mm2

Conductor diameter: 8 mm
Driver's weight: 140 KG / Km
Economic vane: 100 meters
Maximum Arrow: 1.67 m
Maximum shot: 401.12 kg
Minimum height of the phase conductor: 5.5 meters)
Minimum height of the neutral conductor: 4.5 meters)

(These values correspond to 13.2 KV.

In 33 KV they are 6 and 5m respectively.

These values will determine the parameters to which the supports must be adjusted.
dimensioned in this topic.

6. Calculation of the posts

6.1 Geometric Sizing

According to the technical regulation of the S.E.E., we have the following specifications
regarding 13.2 KV lines that run through fields and roads in rural areas:

Distance from the neutral to the ground = 4.5 meters (*)

Distance from phase conductors to the ground = 5.5 meters (*)
(*) These are minimum heights.

The IRAM 9531 standard standardizes eucalyptus wood poles as follows:

- eucalyptus admissible: 150 KG / mm2

conicity 5 mm/ meter
altura_total H (meters)
embedding height: H/ 10 + 0.6 (in meters)

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A tolerance of +/- 0.15 cm is adopted in the length.

The tops of all the posts are cut at a 45º angle and the bases are on a flat plane.
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

6.1.1) Pole Height: (example for trunk line 3x13.2kv/ 7.62 kv)

The first step to determine the height of the pole is to calculate the height of the phases.
extremes of it, as shown in the following figure:

Ha

Fmax

HL
H1 Hp
Ho

He

This height, which we call H1, is calculated as:

H1= Ho + F max= 5.5 + 1.67 = 7.17m

where:

What is the minimum technical height that the conductor must have in relation to the ground
F max is its maximum arrow.

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The free height of the pole will be H1 + the height of the insulator (Ha), that is:

HL = H1 + Ha = 7.17 + 0.2 = 7.37m

With this data, it is possible to refer to the IRAM 9531 standard and obtain the total height of the
post height. Then, the embedding height will be the difference between the height of the post and
the clear height

He= Hp – HL = 9-7.37=1.63m

It must be verified that the clear height is:

HL Hp/10 + 0.6 → verification

The embedding diameter is calculated as:

e = 0.5 cm / m. HL + 16.68 cmfrom the table, check

6.1.2) Distance between conductors:

To determine the distance between conductors, first the angle is calculated.

tilt of the conductor, which is a consequence of the force generated by the wind:

arc tangent ( F Wind )

Weight of the conductor

With this value we obtain the factor 'K' from the following table:

The distance between conductors is calculated as:

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 Unomial(kv)
distance in subways K F max Lc
150
1.05 m

where:

maximum arrow
Lc: length of the chain of insulators, which in our case, due to being insulators
rigid, it is Lc=0.
K: constant that depends on the tension

6.1.3) Sizing of the crossbar

For this purpose, vertical and horizontal forces must be considered. The loads
Normal verticals are due to the weight of the conductors, transformers, and equipment.
diverse.

Vertical loads are due to imbalance and mechanical stresses in the

drivers (especially at the detours) and the action of the wind, which is a load not
persistent.

The posts will simply be embedded, that is, without foundations. Their height
it will depend on the minimum height allowed for the conductors from the ground according to
to the technical regulation of the ministry of energy.

The crossarm supports the insulators and the line conductors. Generally, in the support
A single cross is used for alignment. When the stresses are higher (supports
For deviations, double crossovers are used.

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The purpose of insulators is to mechanically secure the conductors to the supports,
keeping them electrically isolated from each other.

In rural electrification we find:

a- Support insulators (rigid insulator).

b- Retention insulators (ball joint insulators).

c- Insulators B.Tension (pulley insulators).

For technical and economic reasons, guard thread is not used.

With the values of 'd' obtained from this formula for phase conductors and phase conductors and
neutral, we define the length of the crossbar.

1.05 m

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Lc = 2d = 2.1 m

6.1.4) Calculation of the shot at the top

The forces acting on the poles are calculated, referring to the top.

The calculation hypothesis is: a) Maximum wind load, acting perpendicular to

the line, over the pole and header elements; b) Vertical loads: weight of the
structure of the conductors, insulators, brackets, brackets.

In this regard:

F=Vo+Vp+Va

where:

It is the wind load on the conductor referred to the peak.

The wind load on the pole
The wind load on the crossarm and insulator.

The force of the wind is obtained as:

Va = K. . Q .S

where:

K y they are table values

What is dynamic pressure equal to V216 in KG / m2
V is the wind speed in m/s
S is the surface exposed to the action of the wind → S= of the driver . to (where
"a" is the gap in meters).

For the case of the poles, the surface is:

S= ( empathy top) . HL / 2

We then obtain the following statement:

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 Drivers Vo = K. . V2/16 . e . a . 4

Posts Vp = K. . V2/16.[ ( empowerment top) / 2 ] . HL

Insulations, crosses, etc. Va = 0.1. Vo

This is because Va (wind load on crossarms, insulators and

header elements), such as 10% of the wind load on the conductors,
referred to the summit.

V2
Go=k ∝ Q S=k ∝ S general equation
16

Particularly for our example

Drivers
V2
ϕca4=53.46
V =k is proportional to Q S=k∝
kg
16

Posts
V 2 ( phi e+ φc
)
V =k ∝ Q S=k∝
16 2 Hi=73.1 kg
Insulations and crosses

V2
V =k ∝ Q S=k ∝ S = 0.1 V conductors = 5.34 kg
16

The sum of the shot at the top will be the sum of the three:

F= 131.8 kg

For the verification of the post, the following condition must be met:

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 Shot at the admissible peak / F 2.5

3.1 2.5 --> VERIFY

6.2 Calculation of the tension of a retaining post

In rural electrification, due to the current efforts, in retention supports in

straight and terminals, supports with reins are used.
The reins are made of weather-resistant galvanized steel cables.
considering for the calculation of the shot, the state of maximum mechanical stress obtained
of mechanical calculation.
In general, wire of the I.R.A.M. 2518 type is used, with a minimum resistance.
to a tension of 80 Kg / mm2.

In the following figure, the situation of the forces involved is observed:

FT
FRx

FR
F Arr

FCT
F Arr

LICENSE PLATE Rx
X

PG

CT

In this graph, FT is the most unfavorable stress state. This force generates two
effects on the pole: on one hand it tends to bury it more, on the other hand it tends to tip it over.

Note: as can be seen, a support pole is calculated by checking only the throw in
the peak, while a post with reins must be verified for a compression effort
FCT and another traction FR on the rein. Similarly, a terminal post at 'A' or
double convergent is calculated with a compression force on a post and another of
traction on the other.

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These effects are represented in the graph by the forces FCT (in the direction of
longitudinal axis of the pole) and FR (according to the direction of the rein) respectively. FCT is
a compressive force and a tensile FR.

The sinking of the pole is avoided by placing a plate, then the

The reaction (F"CT) that occurs compensates for FCT.
The force FR can be decomposed into two forces FRx and FArr. These forces are
compensated by the terrain through F"Rx and PG (the rein is linked to the
land by the dead anchor.

In particular, we will talk about Farr and PG. Farr is the starting force, it has direction.
vertical and tends to "pull" (hence its name) the anchor from the ground.
Since the anchor deadweight is buried at a certain depth, its weight is used.
from the earth above it (weight of the gravitational earth PG), to compensate aFArr.
Here appears the so-called gravitational angle of earth, which is defined when calculating the
volume of earth needed over the dead.

6.2.1) Calculation of the rent

Based on geometric considerations, knowing FT, we will determine the necessary force.
to calculate the cross-section of the steel wire for the reins. For example

401.12 KG
=45º
Steel admissible = 80 KG / mm2

FR = FT / sin 567.35 kg

Then, the rein section will be:

Srienda = FR / acceptable steel = 7.09 mm²

Since the admissible adopted is small, we can assign a section of 15mm2

at a minimum, according to Rural Electrification standards.

6.2.2) Calculation of FCT and the pole plate

FCT = FT / tg 401.12 kg

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We must achieve the balancing reaction F”CT; the area of the plate will depend on this and the
admissible of the land. Then:

Squirt FCT / acceptable land = 5.01 mm2

6.2.3) Calculation of drag force and weight and volume of the gravitating soil

For geometric reasons

FArr = FR . cos = FT

Resulting in 401.12 Kg.

So, the volume of the gravitating land (that is, the one that is carrying the dead)
of anchoring) must be such that its weight PG 2. FArr (the number 2 responds to reasons of
security).

The volume will also depend on the specific weight of the soil in the place where it will be.
embedded the post.

Below we will provide a reference table of specific weights of different soils:

Then, the volume of the gravitating earth VG will be:

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 VG = PG / G

Assuming PG 600 KG and for A value of 1500 KG / m3, VG will be 0.4 m3.

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