From the first midterm, do and or review the following: Understand theory and the scientific method How

does a researchers perspective affect their study? Be able to explain natural selection and why it is important in the study of evolution. How do we classify organisms? What is the difference between phenetic and cladistic methods in systematics? You should be able to read a phylogenetic tree and use all associated vocabulary. What evidence do we use to see that species have changed over time? How did Darwins voyage help him formulate his hypotheses and theory related to evolution? What is the difference between homology and analogy? What is an adaptation? Hardy-Weinberg principle Understand the mechanisms of natural selection, types of speciation, and how species boundaries are maintained. Have a general idea of how the continents have shifted over time (Pangea, Gondwana and Laurentia). Genetic mechanisms of change How do bacteria affect the nitrogen cycle? Review Table 26.1-4 From the second midterm, do and or review the following: How do protists affect the carbon cycle? Understand protists role as producers Review the endosymbiosis theory What is the importance of plants to humans? Review Fig. 29.17 What are the major themes in the evolution of plants? Rev. Fig. 30.12 to understand the adaptations Can you explain the angiosperm radiation and the factors that most likely contributed to it? What are the economic impacts of fungi? Why is the role of fungi important in so many habitats? What are the major characteristics of animals? What are the two major divisions of animals, what are the different body plans and how are the bilateria divided? What are the different modes for feeding, movement and reproduction in animals? Make sure you can give an example of each. What are the chordate and vertebrate characteristics (also something you should know from lab). Review Fig. 34.7 What are some of the evolutionary innovations that occurred in animals for them to conquer land?

From the last section (the majority of questions will be on this section of the final.) From your book: Go through the problems at the end of each chapter, including the conceptual review Look at the experimental boxes one more time and make sure you understand whats going on in each of the experiments. Go through the exercises in the book underneath the figures (review all figures) And of course go over the lecture notes, some of the material in the chapters crosses more than one lecture its important to see those connections. What is ecology and what different levels do we speak about ecology? What is the major difference between biotic and abiotic factors that affect ecology? Can you explain why we have the weather patterns we do at different latitudes? Can you explain the difference in terrestrial biomes based on temperature and precipitation? (why do these differences exist?) What is used to identify different zones in aquatic ecosystems? How do scientists use biogeography? Review fig. 51.2 Be able to explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of animal behavior What is the difference between a FAP and a learned behavior, or conditional strategy? What is the definition of communication? How does deception affect communication both within and between species? How does the example of marine isopods relate to the concept of deception? What is altruism and how does it play a role in animal behavior? Be able to explain the difference between Orientation, Navigation and Migration. What are the different models of population growth? How do r and k selected strategies differ? Be able to give an example of an organism that exhibits those strategies. How do scientists use life tables? Be able to describe species interactions in terms of + or for those involved. How do species interactions limit some species distributions, and why is this important in community ecology? What are some of the different ways prey defend themselves from predators? Why do keystone species have large impacts on communities? What is some of the theory behind succession, and can you explain the difference between primary and secondary succession? What are some of the patterns in species diversity? What are the four components of an ecosystem? What role does nutrient availability play in aquatic ecosystems, and is this the same for terrestrial ecosystems? Explain why energy flow changes in a food chain or between levels in a food web. Review the global water, carbon and nitrogen cycle (especially because we have talked about these in other lectures from the first two midterms its a good way to review for a cumulative question) How do scientists describe biodiversity? What are some of the reasons biodiversity is important (this is also covered in Wk. 10 of

lab)? What are some of the most prevalent threats to biodiversity? Can you explain some of the Conservation strategies that are being used today? 5. The monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly resemble one another. Knowing that the monarch and the viceroy are both unpalatable on their predator, the best term to describe this system is: A. B. C. D. E. Constitutive mimicry. Batesian mimicry. Aposematic mimicry. Mllerian mimicry. Pretty flutterbys.

6. In class you watched a video where a wasp was killed as it tried to invade a beehive. In the video the bees killed the wasp __________________. A. B. C. D. E. with kindness. by stinging it to death by hugging it to death by roasting it to death by biting it to death.

7. Yeast ferments sugars into alcohol, and exploiting that fact has given man beer. One type of beer in particular requires several blooms of different yeast varieties in order to achieve optimal flavor in a brewing process that can take several months. The brewer has to be very conscious of the amount of nutrients given in order to achieve optimal bloom times. If a particular yeast blooms for too short a time or for too long a time, the beer will taste terrible. Which equation should a brewer use in order to make sure that the bloom achieves its full potential? A. B.

C.

D.

What is the main difference between climate and weather? A. Weather typically describes a larger area than climate. B. Climate typically describes longer-term conditions. C. Climate typically describes shorter-term conditions. D. Weather includes temperature, and climate does not. Theoretically, which would be the most effective way to disrupt the Hadley cell? A. Remove all equatorial moisture. B. Extensively water the deserts. C. Heat the poles. D. Shift the Sun to apply direct rays 30 degrees south latitude. The specific abiotic factors defining a biome are A. maximum annual temperature and moisture levels B. average annual temperature and moisture levels C. annual variation in temperature and precipitation D. both A and B E. both B and C Cheatgrass has been able to invade dry temperate grasslands and the arid shrub-dominated habitats (sage-steppe) of North America. Which of the following is not a reason for this? A. Cheatgrass is an annual, so there are seeds in the ground ready to grow any year. B. Cheatgrass is fire tolerant. C. Cheatgrass promotes fire frequency and increases fire intensity. D. Cheatgrass competes successfully with bunchgrasses for water and nutrients. E. All of the above are reasons Cheatgrass has been able to invade dry temperate grasslands and shrub-dominated habitats of North America. In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit productivity? A. temperature B. light availability C. solute concentration D. They all limit productivity similarly. Which of the following statements about imprinting is false? A. Imprinting occurs only during a critical period. B. Imprinting is fast and irreversible. C. Imprinting occurs only on a specific color/shape. D. Imprinting is a type of learning. You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird? A. Song learning in this species is most likely learned. B. The period of imprinting is likely later in the birds life. C. This species does not hear. D. Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other siblings with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this affect your conclusions about this behavior? A. It suggests that this behavior might be learned. B. It prevents you from making conclusions. C. It suggests that your experimental design is flawed. D. It doesnt affect anything. Any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient individual is termed A. cognition B. communication C. reflex D. perception It is rather easy to understand why relatives help each other in the animal kingdomthey share some of the same genes, and some self-sacrificing behavior will help the greater sum of their genes. What would be a reason for self-sacrificing behavior to have evolved in animals that are unrelated? A. This behavior might elicit a benefit at some future point in time. B. This behavior might have aided groups of unrelated animals. C. This behavior might have arisen due to genetic drift. D. Both A and B apply. E. Both B and C apply.
46. Ecosystems services include processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment. Which of the following processes would not fall under this category? A. B. C. D. Keystone predators have a marked effect on species diversity. Green plants produce the oxygen we breathe. The presence of land plants builds soil. The presence of diverse wetlands helps in flood control.

47. Looking at the boxes above, which community has the highest species richness? A. community 1

B. community 2 C. community 3 D. community 4 48. Flies have one set of wings for flight. The second set of wings in flies have been modified into halteres. The function of halteres can best be described by which of the following? A. B. C. D. Halteres function as sensory organs to help flies find food Halteres function as appendages that males use to attract mates Halteres function as gyroscopes and aid in flight Halteres function as a second flight membrane, but are reduced to limit drag

49. An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes on average than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake? A. B. C. D. E. directional selection disruptive selection a founder event a genetic bottleneck gene flow

4. Productivity in different aquatic habitats varies over a wide range. Why are estuaries such productive environments versus the oceanic benthic zone? 8. Explain the likely reason why jaws and mammalian middle ear bones evolved from Carrolls perspective. 10. a. Consider a hypothestical autosomal recessive disease. The following table gives the expected genotype frequencies in a population of 2500. Given that the observed allele frequencies are in equal proportions, are the observed number in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Show your work. Homozygous Dominant 2401 Heterozygous 98 Homozygous Recessive 1

b. List the requirements for a population to be considered at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 11. Birds communicate via birdsong, some of which can be quite complicated. One particular type of flightless bird has a mating song which the males use to attract females. This particular birdcall has a very specific neural pattern in the bird's brain, and the bird cannot mate without hearing or making the call. Individual birds will make the call even if they have been isolated from all other birds, or will respond to recordings of the call even if

they have never heard the call from another bird. These birds only live to be four years old before dying of old age, and will have at most two clutches in their lifetimes. Fifty years ago, the birds' habitat was split in half by the construction of a new superhighway. Birds attempting to make the cross were inevitably flattened by passing 18wheelers, effectively eliminating gene flow. The coming Gasoline Wars of 2050, however, will effectively remove all cars from the highway, allowing the birds to cross to the other side. Would you expect birds from either side to be able to mate with the other? List all possible outcomes? 3. Is net primary productivity in the open ocean limited by nutrients? How could you use this information to help decrease carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
3. In four sentences or less, describe what is incorrect about the following statement. In your answer make sure you LIST two specific examples that support your argument. (5 points) Statement: All traits are adaptive 9. Discuss the proximate and ultimate causes of the following behaviors: (a) homing behavior by spiny lobsters, (b) sexual behavior by Anolis lizards, and (c) the jump-back response of kangaroo rats (they do this when they sense a snake). (9 points). 13. Sometimes ecologists speak of r and k selected life history strategies. Make a table comparing these two life history strategies in terms of fecundity, parental investment, life span, and survivorship curves. 15. There are many different terrestrial biomes. List four terrestrial biomes and explain how they differ in precipitation and temperature. Why do these differences in precipitation and temperature exist? (12 points)