TELEVISION BROADCAST Transmission of both aural (sound) and visual (video) signals in all direction and received by the

general public. TELEVISION CHANNEL ALLOCATION Channel Number 24 56 7 13 14 83 Frequency Band (MHz) 54 72 76 88 174 216 470 884

Spectrum of Standard TV Broadcast Channel

Picture Carrier

Sound Carrier Chrominance

3.579545 MHz

0.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 4.5 MHz

.25 MHz

R M

TV BROADCAST STANDARDS Parameter Lines/frame Lines/sec (Hz) Vertical Freq.(Hz) Frames/sec Channel BW (MHz) Video BW (MHz) Type of Aural Carrier Transmission Polarity Color System Color Subcarrier (MHz) FCC European 525 625 15,750 15,625 60 50 30 25 6 7 or 8 4.2 5 or 6 FM AM or FM NegativeNegative NTSC PAL/ SECAM 3.58 4.43

NTSC National Television Standards Committee PAL - Phase Alternate/Alternation by Line SECAM Sequential Color Avec memory Y, I, Q MATRIX WEIGHTING

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Luminance - contains all information required to construct a black and white picture from the signal. In-Phase/Quadrature Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B I = 0.60R - 0.28G - 0.32B Q = 0.21R - 0.52G + 0.31B Primary Color Signals R = 0.62Q + 0.95I + Y B = 1.73Q 1.11I + Y where: Y luminance signal I - In phase signal Q Quadrature signal ; R red signal ; G green signal ; B blue signal G = -0.64Q 0.28I + Y

Chrominance - chrominance is a combination of both hue and saturation CM = (I2 + Q2)1/2 - magnitude Cp = 33o (tan-1 Q/I) phase angle

PICTURE QUALITIES

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Brightness the overall or average intensity, which determines the background level in the reproduced picture. Contrast - the difference in intensity between black and white parts of the reproduced picture. Color Level or Saturation - the color information superimposed on a monochrome picture that depends on the amplitude of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal Hue - the color of an object that depends on the phase angle of the 3.58 MHz chrominance signal. Aspect Ratio - the ratio of width to height of the picture frame Details - the quality of details, which is also called resolution or definition, depends on the number of picture elements that can be reproduced. Equation w = V/N a = H/V = NH/NV NV = N - NS Nv = 0.7(N Ns) NH = a x Nv

Picture Definitions: Parameter Width of line Aspect ratio # of pixels in vertical # of pixels in horizontal

Tot. # of pixels/hor. Line Tot. # of pixels in a frame Video BW Time to scan a pixel Time to scan N pixels Where:

NH = BWVID x 2Ttrace NL = NH/0.835 NL = NH Np = NL x Nv Np = NH x Nv BW = (NL x H)/2 = Nv/80 = 0.35NL x H t = 53.5 usec/NH tN = (#of pixels) x t

N total # of scan lines per frame (525) Ns - # of scan lines suppressed (40 42) W width of each scan lines V vertical dimension a aspect ratio Nv vertical resolution or pixels NH horizontal resolution Ttrace horizontal trace period (53 53.5 usec) H = horizontal or line frequency(15,750 Hz) SCANNING Interlace Scanning When the image is scanned line by line from top to bottom, the top of the images on the screen will begin to fade by the time the electron beam reaches the buttom of the screen. The odd-numbered lines are scanned next. A full image is still produced 30 times a second, but the electron beam travels for every time a full image is produced. Progressive Scanning The horizontal scanning lines are interlaced in the TV system in order to provide two views of the images for each picture frame. All the odd lines are scanned, omitting the even lines. Then the even lines are scanned to complete the whole frame without losing any picture information. DIGITAL TELEVISION HDTV HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION Video Specification: Aspect Ratio Active Scan Lines/frame Pixel/line Frame Rates Audio Specification: Method Audio BW Sampling Frequency Dynamic Range Number of surround Channel Compressed Data rate Data Transport System Type TDM Technique Packet Size Packet Header Size : : : : : : : : : : 16:9 1080 1920 24p, 30p, 30i DOLBY AC 3 20 kHz 48 kHz 100 dB 5:1 384 kbps

: Packet MPEG 2 : 188 bytes : 4 bytes

VIDEO STANDARDS o JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group Is a compression standard that is used for editing of still images, as well as color facsimile, desktop publishing, graphic arts, and medical imaging.

o MPEG - Motion Picture Experts Group Provide very high compression levels and excellent presentation quality o MPEG1 - standardized in 1992, provides VHS quality at 1.544 Mbps and is compatible with single speed CD-ROM technology o MPEG2 - 1994, proposed standard for digital video at 4 to 100 Mbps over transmission facilities capable of such support ( fiber optic, hybrid fiber/coax, and satellite ). o MPEG3 designed for HDTV application, was folded into MPEG2 in 1992. o MPEG4 - a low bit rate version intended for application in videophone and other small screen services.