PANI-?
Outline
Conducting Polymers Conductivity
Introduction
Polymers are long chain like molecular structure where repeated molecular units are connected by covalent bonds Monomers are the building blocks .
Monomer Amino Acid Vinyl chloride n(C2H3Cl) Aniline Polymer Protein Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) (-C2H3Cl-)n Polyaniline
Conducting Polymers
Polymers with conducting material on its backbone 1977- Alan Heegar , Hideki Shirakawa and Alan Macdiarmid
Discovery of conducting polymers
Advantages over Conductors: Redox behavior Catalytic properties Electrochemical effect Mechanical - light weight , flexible , non metallic surface properties High conductivity at nano scales[1]
[1]Terje A. Skotheim and John R. Reynolds, Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization Handbook of Conducting Polymers 3rd ed. CRC Press (2007).
Types of Conducting Polymers
1. Insulating polymer filled with conducting fillers 2. Ionically conducting polymers 3. Redox Polymers 4. Conjugated polymers
Cojugated polymers
inherently conducting in nature due to the presence of a conjugated -electron system in their structure. have a low energy optical transition low potential electron afnity
Conductivity
Polymers become conducting upon doping Polymer becomes electronically charged Polymer chains generate charge carriers Concentration of dopant causes certain electrons to become unpaired Formation of polarons and bipolarons They have extended p-orbital system
Conjugation
Conjugation: systems that have a p orbital on an atom adjacent to a double bond Conjugate unsaturated systems - molecules with delocalized p bonds
saturated unsaturated
conjugated and unsaturated
Electron Delocalization
Applications
Biocompatible Polymers-Artificial nerves, Brain cells Coatings Sensors ammonia sensors Polymeric Ferroelectric RAM(PFRAM) Batteries - Polyaniline - Li Conductive Adhesive allowing electric current to pass through the bonds
Drawbacks
Reproducibility Stability Difficulty to process Short life span High cost Difficult to fabricate in labs
Polyaniline
Monomer is inexpensive Environmentally stable Good processibility and conductivity Tunable properties
Polyaniline Chemical Structure
Quinoid(phenyl ring with 2 double bonds) Benzenoid (phenyl ring with 3 double bonds)
[1] Terje A. Skotheim and John R. Reynolds, Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization Handbook of Conducting Polymers 3rd ed. CRC Press (2007)
Oxidatives States of Polyaniniline
Leucoemeraldine Base
Pernigraniline Base Emeraldine Base Oxidatives States of Polyaniline[2] [2]Sambhu Bhadra,Dipak Khastgir, Nikhil Singha and Jong Hee Lee, Progress in preparation, processing and applications of Polyaniline, Progress in Polymer Science 34 (2009).
Previous Works
Stejskal exploited addition of Silica to the polyaniline matrix Discussed the mechanism of PAni growth in a substrate Effect of the Silica in the PAni Growth PAni/Silia as Ammonia Sensor-Odarve, M. Observed formation of Nanorods
Why study this?
It is of fundamental importance to elucidate the conduction of Pani to optimize the potential of the Pani composites in its various applications. This will help determine the possible material that will improve the conductivity of Pani.
Implications and Future Directions
Implications
Solar cells applications Sensor Devices
Future Directions
Controlled growth length and direction of nanorods
