NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. b.
through a nervous system by means of chemical known as hormones The function of the nervous system may be deduced from these statement We receive information about our surroundings from the sense organs(or receptors) by the way of sensory nerves. We process that information in the brain and spinal cord. We react or respond to that information through a command from the brain and spinal cord by way of motor nerves to the effectors
Stimuli- something that acts as a spur to mental processes
Receptor- a cell or organ that perceives a stimulus
Effector a cell or organ that demonstrate the bodys response to whatever incites it to action.
THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM : THE NEURON
a. nerve cells (neuron) for transmitting messages from one part of the body to another
b. Supporting cells for protecting and assisting neurons
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEURON
Structures of neurons is consist of :
a.) cell body which contains of nucleus
b.) two types of projections called nerve fibers.
Dendrites relay signals toward the cell body Axons conduct signals away from the cell body
NEURONS DIFFER IN THE DIRECTIONS OF THE
MESSAGE AND TYPE OF IMPULSE THEY CARRY
a. Sensory neurons carry impulse to the brain or spinal cord b. Motor Neurons carry impulse to the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
c. Interneurons integrate data from sensory neurons
STRUCTURES OF THE NERVOUS SYTEM
The two main divisions of mans nervous system:
a. the central nervous system ( CNS ) consisting of the brain and spinal cord b. the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) consisting of nerves which arise from the brain ( they are called cranial nerve ) and from the spinal cord ( they are called spinal nerves )
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
The CNS is the processing center of the nerve network of the body. It is when the body interprets the information it has received from outside, analyzes its complications, and decides what to do in order to maintain equilibrium.
THE BRAIN
The human brain, which weighs about 1 kilogram, is made up of billions of neurons and a large number of supporting cells
Part of the human brain I. Forebrain 1. Cerebrum
Location
Function
Most anterior part of the brain
Controls learned behavior; concerned with the phenomena of consciousness, memory, insight, interpretation of sensations, and intelligence Serves as relay center for sensory impulses; regulates and coordinates external manifestation of emotions Regulates body temperature, appetite, water balance, blood pressure, sleep, carbohydrate and fat metabolism
2. Thalamus
Located in front of the midbrain Part of the forebrain
3. Hypothalamus
II. Mdbrain
Found in front of Contains center visual and auditory the cerebellum reflexes and the pons 1. Pons Found below the cerebellum Coordinates muscle movement in the two sides of the body
III. Hindbrain
2. Medulla Oblongoata
Most posterior part of the brain
Its nerve centers control respiration, heartbeat, swallowing, vomiting, and constriction and dilation of blood vessels.
THE SPINAL CORD
Refer again to figure for the main parts of the mans central nervous system. The brain was protected by the backbone or spine or vertebral column The backbone is gently curved liked double S. This shape allows the backbone to act like a spring and thus absorbed the shock whenever a person jumps, thereby protecting his brain from being jarred
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC SYSTEMS
The PNS is the part of the nerve network that connects the central nervous system to the different organs and glands of the body. The PNS is made up of 12 points of nerves originating from the brain (refer to as cranial nerves) and 31 pairs of nerves originating from the spinal cord (referred to as spinal nerves). The PNS has two divisions: the somatic (or voluntary) system .
The somatic system connects the brain and spinal cord to voluntary muscles (or the skeletal muscles) The autonomic system, on the other hand, connects the brain and spinal cord to involuntary muscles. These are muscles that are not under the control of the will such as those of internal organs the heart, blood vessels, lungs, food tube, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, etc. Each internal organ has two autonomic nerves: sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves.
