FUZZY LOGIC

UIET (Computer Science Deptt)

INRODUCTION

One of the most successful of today's technologies for developing sophisticated control systems.
Resembles human decision making with an ability to generate precise solutions from certain or approximate information.

INTRODUCTION

Fuzzy logic (FL) is focused on modes of reasoning which are approximate rather than exact.
A super set of Boolean logic. Graded truth - Truth values between True and False. Not everything is either/or, true/false, black/white, on/off etc.

Grades of membership - Class of tall men, class of far cities, class of expensive things, etc.

Fuzzy: everything is a matter of degree

BACKGROUND

Aristotle and his precedent philosophers brought about the "Law of the Excluded Middle" which stated that every proposition must either be TRUE/FALSE.
Lotfi Zadeh, UC/Berkely 1965. Introduced FL to model uncertainty in natural language. Tall, far, nice, large, hot,

Real World & Fuzzy Logic

Real world - Imprecision, uncertainty and partiality , especially partiality of truth, certainty and possibility

Real world - Everything is a matter of degree.

Role model for fuzzy logic - Human mind and its remarkable capability to operate on perceptionbased information without any measurements and any computations

Why use fuzzy logic?

PROS: Conceptually easy to understand - natural maths Tolerant of imprecise data Intuitive Based on linguistic terms
CONS: Not a cure-all Crisp/precise models can be more efficient and even convenient

WHAT IS FUZZY LOGIC?

Fuzzy logic (FL) is aimed at a formalization of modes of reasoning which are approximate rather than exact
Examples: Exact-

All men are mortal Socrates is a man Socrates is mortal Most Swedes are tall Magnus is a Swede It is likely that Magnus is tall

Approximate-

FUZZY SET
Boolean/Crisp set A is a mapping for the elements of S to the set {0, 1}, i.e., A: S -> {0, 1} Characteristic function: {A(x)=1 A(x) = 0 if x is an element of set A if x is not an element of set A }

__________________________________________________________ Fuzzy set F is a mapping for the elements of S to the interval [0, 1], i.e., F: S -> [0, 1]

Characteristic function: 0 F(x) 1 1 means full membership, 0 means no membership and anything in between, e.g., 0.5 is called graded membership

Example: Crisp set Tall

Fuzzy sets and concepts are commonly used in natural language

John is tall Dan is smart Alex is happy The class is hot E.g., the crisp set Tall can be defined as {x | height x > 1.8 meters}

But what about a person with a height = 1.79 meters? What about 1.78 meters? What about 1.52 meters?

Example: Fuzzy set Tall

In a fuzzy set a person with a height of 1.8 meters would be considered tall to a high degree A person with a height of 1.7 meters would be considered tall to a lesser degree etc.

BIVALENT SETS

FUZZY SET

Observation

VARIABLES AND LINGUISTIC VARIABLES

Variable -numerical (X=5; X=(3, 2); ) -linguistic (X is small; (X, Y) is much larger) Concept of a linguistic variable plays a central role in fuzzy logic and underlies most of its applications

Membership Function

Ex: A subset young to answer the question "to what degree is person x young? young(x) = { 1, if age(x) <= 20,

(30-age(x))/10, if 20 < age(x) <= 30,

0,

if age(x) > 30 }

PERSON

AGE

DEGREE OF YOUTH

Ram
Priya Preeti

10
21 25

1.00
0.90 0.50

Shweta

83

0.00

Degree of truth of the statement "Priya is YOUNG" is 0.90.

Types Of Membership Functions

Illustration of Triangular Membership Function

..Types Of Membership Functions

Illustration of Trapezoidal Membership Function

..Types Of Membership Functions

Illustration of Bell shaped or S- Membership Function

FUZZY SET OPERATIONS

Union:

Intersection:

Complement:

Rules which are common in set theory also apply to Fuzzy set theory :

De Morgans Law
Associativity Commutativity Distributivity

FUZZY RULES

Fuzzy rules operate using a series of if-then statements.

IF (a set of conditions are satisfied) THEN (a set of consequents can be inferred). IF (x1 is A1, x2 is A2 xn is An) THEN (y1 is B1, y2 is B2 yn is Bn)

Where linguistic variable Xi, Yj take the value of fuzzy sets Ai, Bj.

Evaluation of fuzzy rules

In Boolean logic: p q if p is true then q is true In fuzzy logic: p q if p is true to some degree then q is true to some degree. 0.5p => 0.5q (partial premise implies partially)

FUZZY CONTROL
Three steps are taken to create a fuzzy controlled machine:
1) Fuzzification (Using membership functions to graphically describe a situation) 2) Rule evaluation (Application of fuzzy rules)

3) Defuzzification (Obtaining the crisp or actual results)

Fuzzy Rules

Example: If our distance to the car in front is small, and the distance is decreasing slowly, then decelerate quite hard Fuzzy variables in blue Fuzzy sets in red

QUESTION: Given the distance and the change in the distance, what acceleration should we select?

FUZZIFICATION

Fuzzification: Instance

Fuzzification : Instance

IF distance is Small THEN Slow Down

DEFUZZICATION

We return as our acceleration the value of x coordinate of the center of mass of the merged area.

ADAPTIVE FUZZY SYSTEM

Performance of the fuzzy machines is restricted by the capabilities of the human brain. Therefore, how do we make the machines think for themselves and come up with rules of its own?
The machine should be able to produce its own rules through experience with the help of fuzzy rules ,similar as human. This can be done with the Data In Rules Out (DIRO) method.

Data In Rule Out:

Neural networks, which acts like the eyes and ears of an adaptive fuzzy system whose rules change with experience. The adaptive fuzzy system tunes its rules as it samples new data. At first the rules change fast .

Case Study: Fuzzy Traffic Light Controller

A Smart Traffic Light Controller

Smart controller - changes the cycle time depending upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the current cycle time. Conventional traffic light controller changes lights at constant cycle time.
Difficult Mathematical model. With fuzzy logic, it is relatively much easier.

FUZZY DESIGN

8 Incremental sensors are put in specific positions

Number of cars between the traffic lights = difference of reading of two sensors The distance between two sensors is fixed say 200 feet. Density of cars = number of cars/distance

Density of Cars between East & West street = (s1-s2)+(s5-s6)/400

FUZZY DESCISION PROCESS

Assumption: Red light is shown to both North & South streets and distance is constant. Step -1 (FUZZIFICATION) Inputs:
Cycle Time Cars behind red light Cars behind green light

Output: Probability of change of current cycle time

The input and output are divided into overlapping member functions Each function corresponds to different levels. For inputs (cycle time & cars behind red light) the levels and their ranges are: zero(0,1), low(0,7), medium(4,11), high(7,18), chaos(14,20). For input (cars behind green light) the levels are: v_short(0,14), short(0,34), medium(14,60), long(33,88), very long(65,100), limit(85,100).

For output the levels are: no(0), probably_no(0.25), maybe(0.5), probably_yes(0.75) and yes(1.0).
This one value (singleton position) is associated to each level instead of a range of values.

STEP- 2 (Rule Evaluation)

Rules are formulated using a series of if-then statements, combined with AND/OR operators.
Eg: If cycle time is medium AND Cars Behind Red is low AND Cars Behind Green is medium, then change is Probably Not. With three inputs, each having 5,5,and 6 membership functions, there are a combination of 150 rules.

Step 3 (Defuzzification)

Converts the fuzzy set output to crisp value. Method used : Centre Of Gravity
Crisp Output = {Sum (Membership Degree*Singleton Position} / Sum(Membership Degree)

Example Of Output

If the output membership degree, after rule evaluation are: Change Probability Yes=0, Change Probability Probably Yes=0.6, Change Probability Maybe=0.9, Change Probability Probably No= 0.3, Change Probability No=0.1
Crisp Output=(0.1*0.00) +(0.3*0.25) +(0.9*0.50) +(0.6*0.75) +(0*1.00)/ (0.1+0.3+0.9+0.6+0 )=0.51

Is Fuzzy Controller Better?

Testing: 7 different kinds of traffic conditions from very heavy traffic to very lean traffic.
35 random chosen car densities were grouped according to different periods of the day representing those traffic conditions.

Performance Evaluation

Comparison with a conventional controller and a human expert.

Criteria for comparison - number of cars allowed to pass at one time and average waiting time. A performance index which maximizes the traffic flow and reduces the average waiting time was developed. A means of calculating the average waiting time was also developed.

Performance Index for 7 different traffic categories

Fuzzy controller proved more efficient than a human or conventional controller

//Program for selecting - optimum cycle time and offset corresponding to min delay& max flow//
Using MATLAB 7.0.1

HIERARCHY OF DEFINITION LANGUAGES

PNL F.G language fuzzy-logic-based

F language
B language NL
NL: natural language B language: standard mathematical bivalent-logic-based language F language: fuzzy logic language without granulation F.G language: fuzzy logic language with granulation

bivalent-logic-based

PNL: Precisiated Natural Language

Note: the language of fuzzy if-then rules is a sublanguage of PNL Note: a language in the hierarchy subsumes all lower languages

SIMPLIFIED HIERARCHY
PNL B language NL
The expressive power of the B language the standard bivalence-logic-based definition language is insufficient fuzzy-logic-based bivalent-logic-based

Insufficiency of the expressive power of the B language is rooted in the fundamental conflict between bivalence and reality
LAZ 8-8-02

FUTURE APPLICATIONS

Smart washing machines, TVs Air Conditioner Controller Controlled steam engine Controlled cement kilns Controlled Nuclear Fusion Fuzzy Data Analysis in a Medical

How Far Can Fuzzy Logic Go?

Vast expert decision makers , theoretically able to distill the wisdom of every document ever written.
Sex robots with a humanlike repertoire of behavior. Computers that understand and respond to normal human language. Machines that write interesting novels and screenplays in a selected style , such as Hemingway's. Molecule-sized soldiers of health that will roam the blood-stream, killing cancer cells and slowing the aging process

With enormous research being going on there is no limit to where FUZZY LOGIC can go.. The future is bright.

The future is FUZZY!

THANKS.