Connections between heat and work
Connections Between Heat and Work
In studying thermodynamics
Surroundings
SYSTEM
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If objects A, B and C are in contact with each other,
and A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat (Q)
Internal Energy (U)
Work (W)
First Law of Thermodynamics
The change in internal energy (U) is equal to the
difference of the heat (Q) added/removed to/from the system and the work (W) done on/by the system.
U = Q W
Sign Conventions for the First Law
For Heat (Q) + if the heat is added to the system if the heat is removed from the system
For Work (W) + if work is done by the system if work is done on the system
Sample Word Problem on 1st Law
Suppose 2500 J of heat is added to a system and 1800 J
of work is done on the system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Thermodynamic Processes
Adiabatic (constant heat)
Isothermal (constant temperature) Isochoric (constant volume)
Isobaric (constant pressure)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Review: How does heat flow?
Would it be possible for heat to flow from an area of
lower to higher temperature?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Clausius Statement
Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.
Second Law and Heat Engines
Hot Reservoir
ENGIN E
WORK
Cold Reservoir
Heat Engine
It is a machine that converts heat energy into
mechanical energy. Can be classified as external combustion and internal combustion engines.
Water-Tube Type
It is common with
stationary engines and turbines. Water is allowed to pass through tubes while the flames and hot gaseous products of combustion follow a path over around tubes.
Fire-Tube Type
Used in steam
locomotives Flames and heat are made to enter the tubes which are horizontally arranged in the boiler and are surrounded by water.
Other Classification of Steam Engines
Condensing type
Non-condensing type
Gasoline Engines
These are engines whose
working substance is gasoline. It is internally burned unlike steam engines.
Parts of a Gasoline Engine
Intake Stroke
Compression Stroke
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Diesel Engines
These are engines whose
working substance is diesel. It is internally burned unlike steam engines.
Diesel Engine Structure
How efficient are heat engines?
Thermal Efficiency of an Engine
It is defined as the ratio of the net work (W) done by
the engine during one cycle to the energy absorbed at the higher temperature (QH) during the cycle.
Sample Problem on Thermal Efficiency
Find the efficiency of a heat engine that absorbs 2000 J of energy from a hot reservoir and exhausts 1500 J to the cold reservoir.
Your car is powered by a heat engine and does 3.0 x 107 J of work getting you up a small hill. If the heat engine is 80 percent efficient, how much heat did it use and how much did it exhaust?
Sadi Carnot
A French engineer who
established the concept of an ideal engine known as the Carnot engine. He developed the Carnots theorem which states that No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs.
Basic Concept of the Carnot Engine
The ideal efficiency of an engine depends on the
difference of the hot and cold reservoirs. You cant have it all.
Sample Word Problems on Carnot Efficiency
If an engine extracts heat from a 2730 K reservoir and
expels heat at 1730 K reservoir, what is its efficiency? How about if the engine extracts heat from a 10 730 K reservoir instead? What if the engine reservoirs are working at the same temperatures?
Wait a minute
It is possible to produce work from heat that is heat
transferred from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir. Would it be possible to do the reverse?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible to construct a heat engine that, operating in a cycle, produces no effect other than the absorption of energy from a reservoir and the performance of an equal amount of work.
Heat Pumps
These are heat engines running in reverse.
Heat is transferred from a cold reservoir to a hot
reservoir by performing work. This is done through the aid of phase change. Examples are refrigerators and air conditioning units.
Refrigerators
Questions to Ponder
What do you notice with heat engines and heat
pumps? What do they have in common? What is its impact to the environment?
Entropy
Natural processes tend to undergo increased state of
disorder. This state of disorder is defined as entropy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
On entropy
The total entropy of an isolated system that undergoes a change can never decrease.
Entropy increases
Third Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible to reach absolute zero.
