Role

of government in development of INDIA

Railways

India has a vast coastline which is very beneficial in trade. The expansion & modernization of ports has been amongst the top priority areas of the government in year 2007. There are 12 major & 181 minor ports.

The globalization of markets, international economic integration & the resultant economic competition have enhanced the importance of air transport. The government has decided to have at least 500 operational airports by 2020. Top priority is modernization of 4 main airports at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai and 35 non-metros.

Bullock Cart is still used extensively as means of transport. There are 15 million bullock carts across rural India providing livelihood to roughly 20 million people. Other means of transport are tractors, buses & trains etc.

 Recent

product launches

Eircom: speeds of 3, 7.6, 10, 12 mbps BT: up to 8 mbps UPC: 1, 6, 12 mbps

Smart from 4 to 15 mbps

Over 20 Service Providers (plus some smaller GBS) DSL, wireless, mobile, fibre, satellite 886,300 subscribers, 20.54% 20.54% is 45% of households (Q4 07) 1,000,000 subscribers now, 23.17 51.21% of households have broadband now Household growth

13% in 2006 45% in 2007 (Q3) 51% now

It offers more detailed examples, evidence, technical. choices and strategies for extending broadband networks within the reach of all.

 Nearly

all studies suggest positive returns can be expected from investment in broadband infrastructure. For example, an analysis for the European Commission estimates that broadband can create more than two million jobs in Europe by 2015, and an increase in GDP of at least EUR 636 billion. A study in Brazil reported that broadband added up to 1.4% to the employment growth rate.

Industry is the production of an economic good or service within An economY. Industry is often classified into three sectors: primary or extractive, secondary or manufacturing, and tertiary or services. Some authors add quaternary (knowledge) or even quinary (culture and research) sectors. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership and time.

Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic wellbeing of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed Rural development actions are mainly and mostly to development aim for the social and economic development of the rural areas.

Agriculture Land reforms were launched. Land holdings of the marginal farmers were made bigger... High yielding seeds,fertilisers and pesticides were also made available to the farmers at highly subsidised rates.

 Farmers

were encouraged to mechanise the process of farming... The government also made arrangements to market the produce of the farmers to ensure that they got the best price for their Produce.

The expansion and modernisation of ports has been amongst the top priority areas of the government in the year 2007. There are 12 major and 181 major ports.

Modernisation and expantion of our airports are other major priorities of the government. Anothertop priority is the modernisationof our four main airports at Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai and 35 non-metros. In todays world, effective transportation is indispensable for development.

TRANSP

OTATION

Transport in the Republic of India is an important part of the nation's economy. Since the economic liberalizations of the 1990s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace, and today there is a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, India's relatively low GDP per capita has meant that access to these modes of transport has not been uniform

 Walking: In ancient times, people often covered long distances on foot. For instance,
Adi Sankaracharya traveled all over India.[8] Walking still constitutes an important mode of transport in urban areas.[9] In the city of Mumbai, to further improve the transit conditions for pedestrians, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, has commenced the construction of more than 50 skywalks,[10][11] as part of the Mumbai Skywalk project

Bullock

cart and horse carriage: Bullock carts have

been traditionally used for transport, especially in rural India. The arrival of the British saw drastic improvements in the horse carriages which were used for transport since early days. Today, they are used in smaller towns and are referred as Tonga or buggies. Victoria of Mumbai are still used for tourist purposes, but horse carriages are now rarely found in the metro cities of India.[13] In recent years large cities have banned the movement of bullock carts and other slow moving vehicles on the main roads

Bicycle

are a common mode of travel in much of India. More people can now afford to own a cycle than

ever before. In 2005, more than 40% of Indian households owned a bicycle, with ownership rates ranging from around 30% to 70% at the state level.[2] Along with walking, cycling accounts for 50 to 75% of the commuter trips for those in the informal sector in urban areas.[

 Hand-pulled

rickshaw: This type of transport are still

available in Kolkata wherein a person pulls the rickshaw by hand. The Government of West Bengal proposed a ban on these rickshaws in 2005 describing them as "inhuman".[20] Though a bill aiming to address this issue, termed as 'Calcutta Hackney Carriage Bill', was passed by the West Bengal Assembly in 2006, it has not been implemented yet.[21] The Government of West Bengal is working on an amendment of this bill to avoid the loopholes that got exposed when the Hand-pulled Rickshaw Owner's Association filed a petition against the bill.

Cycle

rickshaw: were introduced in India in the 1940s.[22] They are

bigger than a tricycle where two people sit on an elevated seat at the back and a person pedals from the front. In the late 2000s, they were banned in several cities for causing traffic congestion.[23][24][25] Cycle rickshaws have been a feature of Delhi streets since Indian independence in 1947, providing the cheapest way around the capital. The Delhi Police recently submitted an affidavit against plying of cycle rickshaws to ease traffic congestion in the city but it was dismissed by the Delhi High court.[26] In addition, environmentalists have supported the retention of cycle rickshaws as a non-polluting and inexpensive mode of transport

In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. In modern times, telecommunications involves the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, as well as the use of radio, microwave transmission towers, fiber optics, orbiting satellites and the Internet, which is a vast world-wide computer network.

A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the first decade of the 1900s with pioneering developments in radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television)

Ancient systems
Main articles: Hydraulic telegraph, Drums in communication, Beacon, Smoke signal, and Heliograph Greek hydraulic semaphore systems were used as early as the 4th century BC. The hydraulic semaphores, which worked with water filled vessels and visual signals, functioned as optical telegraphs. However, they could only utilize a very limited range of pre-determined messages, and as with all such optical telegraphs could only be deployed during good visibility conditions.[7] During the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London that signaled the arrival of the Spanish warships

Telegraph and telephone The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir
Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke, and its use began on April 9, 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [already-existing, so-called] electromagnetic telegraph", not as a new device

Radio and television :In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless
telegraphy via conductive water to his students. By 1854, he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee, Scotland, to Woodhaven, a distance of about two miles (3 km), again using water as the transmission medium.[17] In December 1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between St. John's, Newfoundland and Poldhu, Cornwall (England), earning him the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1909, one which he shared with Karl Braun.[18] However smallscale radio communication had already been demonstrated in 1893 by Nikola Tesla in a presentation before the National Electric Light Association

Video telephony :The development of videotelephony involved the historical development of

Satellite :The first U.S. satellite to relay communications was Project SCORE in 1958, which used a tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. It was used to send a Christmas greeting to the world from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1960 NASA launched an Echo satellite; the 100-foot (30 m) aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. Courier 1B, built by Philco, also launched in 1960, was the world's first active repeater satellite. Digital cinema :Realization and demonstration, on October 29, 2001, of the first digital cinema
transmission by satellite in Europe[24] of a feature film by Bernard Pauchon, Alain Lorentz, Raymond Melwig, Philippe Binant

On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teleprinter to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.[25] This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe computer with remote "dumb terminals" remained popular throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. However, it was not until the 1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching a technology that allows chunks of data to be sent between different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969. This network soon became the ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes.[
Computer networks and the Internet:

refers to all those non-profit motivated activities which attempt to improve the quality of life of people by providing better access to different area. These different areas are education, health, drinking water and basic sanitation.

This

1. 2.

The government of INDIA has played an important role in the spread of education in post-independence INDIA. Schemes started by government to encourage parents to send their children to school :-----SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN- IT provides RS 13,100 crore to improve quality of learning. JAWAHAR NOVODAYA VIDYLALAYA- RS 130 crore is provided in 2008-2009 to establish N in 20 districts having a large concentration of scheduled castes an scheduled tribes. KASTURBA GANDHI BALIKA VIDYALAYA-funds are provided for an additional 410 VIDYALAYA in educationally backward areas.

40% OF INDIAS POPULATION IS BELOW THE AGE OF 18 YEARS WHICH AT 400 MILLION THE WORLDS LARGEST CHILD POPULATION. OVER 1/3 OF ALL CHILDREN WHO ENROL IN SCHOOL NEVER REACH GRADE 8. 53% OF GIRLS IN THE AGE GROUP OF 5-19 YEARS ARE ILLITERATE. ONLY 53% OF HABITATION HAS A PRIMARY SCHOOL. ONLY 20% OF HABITATION HAS SECONDARY SCHOOL. IN NEARLY 60% OF SCHOOLS THESE ARE LESS THAN 2 TEACHERS TO TEACH CLASSES 1-5. LESS THAN HALF OF INDIAS CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGE 6 AND 14 GO TO SCHOOL.

 SUBMITTED

BY GROUP I ANKITA AGGARWAL ARUSHI JAIN DEEPTI MITTAL ANJALI JAIN ARCHIT ANANT DEEPAK ABISHEK