Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch.
14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 1
Electro-mechanical Energy-conversion
(EMEC) Machines
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 2
Electrical Rotary Machine
It has two parts :
(1) the fixed part, called the stator, and
(2) the moving part, called the rotor.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 14 Alternators and Synchronous Motors 3
Generator Action
Whenever the conductors of a coil cut across the
magnetic flux (or are cut by it), an emf e is induced in
it.
This emf can supply a current i to an electrical load.
Thus, an electrical power ei is generated.
This is the Generator Action.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 4
DC Machine
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 5
Construction
The main parts of a DC machine are
Yoke
Poles, pole shoes.
Field Coils.
Armature.
Commutator.
Brushes.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 6
YOKE
Gives mechanical support for poles
Protects whole machine as a protecting cover
Provides path for the circulation of magnetic flux
Small generators cast iron
Large machines cast steel
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 7
Pole cores & Pole shoes
Field magnets has two parts
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Pole shoes: spread out the flux in the air gap & reduce the reluctance
Support the exciting coils
Pole cores: solid piece made of cast iron & cast steel
Pole shoes are laminated to the pole face by screws.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 8
Field Winding
Function : To carry current due to which pole core behaves as an
ELECTROMAGNET, producing necessary flux.
It helps in producing magnetic flux.
Field winding is divided into various coils called field coils. These are
connected in series with each other and wound in such a direction that an
alternated N and S poles are created.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 9
EMF Equation for a DC Generator
Speed = N/60 rps. Therefore, time taken in one revolution is
Total flux traversed by one conductor in one rotation,
60 / 60
u
=
u
=
A
Au
=
u = Au
NP
N
P
t
e
P
60/ N
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 10
As the armature has Z number of conductors, and there are A
number of parallel paths, the number of conductors per parallel
paths is Z/A. Therefore, the net emf E generated,
60
60
Z NP Z
E e
A A
ZNP
A
u
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
u
=
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 11
Example 1
A 4-pole, 1200-rpm dc generator has a lap-wound
armature having 65 slots and 12 conductors per slot. If
the flux per pole is 0.02 Wb, determine the emf induced
in the armature.
65 12 780; Z = =
Solution
4 A P = =
0.02 780 1200 4
60 60 4
ZNP
E
A
u
= =
= 312 V
Next
Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 12
Example 2
The induced emf in a dc machine while running
at 500 rpm is 180 V. Assuming constant
magnetic flux per pole, calculate the induced
emf when the machine runs at 600 rpm.
Solution :
60
ZNP
E KN
A
u
= =
2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
600
or 180
500
E N N
E E
E N N
= = = = 216 V
Next
Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 13
Armature and field connections of a dc machine.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 14
Shunt-wound machine
(as generator or motor).
As generator, current I
D
flows.
As a motor, current I
M
flows.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 15
Types of DC Machines
Type of excitation :
Short
shunt
Long
shunt
Compound
wound
1. Separately excited
2. Self-excited
Series
wound
Shunt
wound
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 16
Separately Excited Generator
Next
V
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 17
Example 3
A dc generator having an armature resistance of 0.30 develops
an emf of 200 V. Determine its terminal voltage if it supplies a
current of 30 A.
Solution :
The terminal voltage is given as
200 30 0.30
a a
V E I R = =
=192 V
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 18
Example 4
( ) The terminal voltage, 8 60
L L a L
a V I R I R = = = = 480V
Solution :
A dc generator is connected to a load of 60 to which a current of 8
A is supplied. If the armature resistance is 1 , determine
(a) the terminal voltage, and
(b) The generated emf.
( ) The generated emf, 480 8 1
a a
b E V I R = + = + = 488V
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 19
Self-Excited (Series Wound) Generator
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 20
Self-Excited (Shunt Wound) Generator
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 21
Example 5
A shunt-wound dc generator delivers 496 A at 440 V to a load.
The resistance of the shunt filed coil is 110 and that of the
armature winding is 0.02 . Calculate the emf induced in the
armature.
Solution :
sh
sh
440
4 A
110
V
I
R
= = =
a L sh
Armature current, 496 4 500 A I I I = + = + =
g a a
440 (500 0.02) E V I R = + = + = 450 V
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 22
Example 6
A 4-pole shunt generator with lap connected armature has
armature and field resistances of 0.2 and 50 , respectively. It
supplies power to 100 lamps, each of 60 W, 200 V. Calculate the
total armature current, the current per path and the generated
emf. Allow a brush drop of 1 V at each brush.
Solution : The current taken by each lamp,
l
60
0.3A
200
P
I
V
= = =
Since all the lamps are connected in parallel, the total load current
is
L l
100 100 0.3 30 A I I = = =
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 23
sh
sh
200
4 A
50
V
I
R
= = =
a sh L
Armature current, 30 4 I I I = + = + = 34 A
For lap winding, A = P = 4. Thus, the current per path is
a
c
34
4
I
I
A
= = = 8.5 A
g a a
brush-drop 200 34 0.2 2 1 E V I R = + + = + + = 208.8 V
Next
Click
Click
Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 24
Short-Shunt (Compound Wound) Generator
Next
Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 25
Long-shunt (Compound Wound) Generator
Next
Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 26
Compound Wound Generators
Cumulative Compound Differential Compound
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 27
Example 6
A shunt-wound dc generator delivers 496 A at 440 V to a load.
The resistance of the shunt filed coil is 110 and that of the
armature winding is 0.02 .
Calculate the emf induced in the armature.
440
4 A
110
sh
sh
V
I
R
= = =
Solution :
496 4 500 A
a L sh
I I I = + = + =
440 (500 0.02)
g a a
E V I R = + = + = 450 V
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 28
Example 7
A short-shunt compound-wound dc generator supplies a
load current of 100 A at 250 V.
The generator has following winding resistances :
shunt field = 130 , armature = 0.1 ,
series field = 0.1
Find the emf generated, if the brush drop is 1 V per
brush
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 29
Solution
100A;
se L
I I = =
100 0.1 10 V
se se se
V I R = = =
250 10 260 V
sh se
V V V = + = + =
260
2A;
130
sh
sh
sh
V
I
R
= = =
102 A
a L sh
I I I = + =
brush-drop
g se a a
E V V I R = + + +
250 10 102 0.1 2 1 = + + + = 272.2 V
Next
Click
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 30
Losses In A DC Machine
(1) Copper losses :
(i) Armature Copper Loss :
About 30-40 % of full-load losses.
(ii) Field Copper Loss :
About 20-43 % of full-load losses.
(iii) Brush Contact Loss :
Usually included in armature copper loss
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 31
(2) Magnetic (or Iron) losses :
About 20 to 30 % of the full-load losses.
(i) Hysteresis Loss
(ii) Eddy-current Loss
(3) Mechanical Losses :
About 10 to 20 % of the full-load losses :
(i) Air Friction (or Windage) Loss
(ii) Bearing Friction Loss
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 32
Efficiency of a DC Generator
(1) Mechanical Efficiency,
Total watts generated in armature
Mechanical power supplied at the input
m
q =
hp 746
EI
=
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 33
(2) Electrical Efficiency,
Total watts available to the load
Total watts generated
e
q =
VI
EI
=
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 34
(3) Commercial or Overall Efficiency,
Total watts available to the load
Mechanical power supplied
c
q =
hp 746
VI
=
It is obvious that
c m e
q q q =
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 35
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
The total losses P
t
can be divided in to two categories : (i)
constant losses, P
c
, and (ii) variable losses, P
v
.
Copper loss in armature winding is the only loss that varies
with the load current.
Other losses remain almost constant.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 36
2
Output
Output + Total losses
( )
v c a a c
VI VI
VI P P VI I R P
q =
= =
+ + + +
2
(Since, )
a
a c
VI
I I
VI I R P
= ~
+ +
1
1
a c
IR P
V VI
=
| |
+ +
|
\ .
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 37
For efficiency to be maximum,
2
1 0 or 0
a c a c
IR P R P d
dI V VI V VI
| |
+ + = =
`
|
\ .
)
2
Or
a c
I R P =
Maximum efficiency is obtained when the
variable loss equals constant loss.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 38
Example 8
A shunt generator gives full-load output of 30 kW at a
terminal voltage of 200 V.
The armature and shunt-field resistances are 0.05 and
50 , respectively.
The iron and friction losses are 1000 W.
Calculate
(i) the emf generated,
(ii) the copper losses, and
(iii) the efficiency.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 39
Solution
30kW 200 V
( ) 150 A; 4 A;
200V 50
150 4 154 A
L sh
a L sh
i I I
I I I
= = = =
O
= + = + =
200 154 0.05
g a a
E V I R = + = + = 207.7 V
(ii) The copper losses
2 2
2 2
4 50 154 0.05
sh sh a a
I R I R = +
= + =1985.8 W
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 40
(iii) The efficiency,
Output
Output Losses
30000
30000 (1000 1985.8)
0.9095 pu
q =
+
=
+ +
= = 90.95%
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 41
Example 9
A dc shunt generator, with shunt-field resistance of 52.5
, supplies full-load current of 195 A at 210 V.
Its full-load efficiency is 90 % and it has stray losses of
710 W.
Determine its armature resistance and the load current
corresponding to maximum efficiency.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 42
Solution
210 195 40.95 kW
o o L
P V I = = =
in
40.95 kW
45.5 kW
0.90
o
P
P
q
= = =
in
Total losses
45.5 40.95 4.55 kW
o
P P =
= =
210V
4A
52.5
sh
sh
V
I
R
= = =
O
195 4 199 A
a L sh
I I I = + = + =
Next
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Click
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 43
Shunt-field copper loss,
2 2
4 52.5 840 W
sh sh
I R = = =
Constant Losses,
840 710 1550 W = + =
The armature copper loss,
2
4550 1550 3000 W
a a
I R = =
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 44
2 2
Armature copper loss 3000
199
a
a
R
I
= = = 0.0757
For maximum efficiency,
2
a a c
I R P =
1550
143.1 A
0.0757
c
a
a
P
I
R
= = =
143.1 4
L a sh
I I I = = =139.1 A
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 45
Open-Circuit, Magnetization, or No-Load
Characteristic
It represents a plot of magnetic flux versus field winding
mmf.
If the speed N is fixed, it represents a plot of the open-
circuit induced emf E
g
(in the armature) as a function of
field-winding current I
f
.
This is why the curve is called open-circuit characteristic
(OCC) of the machine.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 46
The circuit arrangement
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 47
The characteristic curve
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 48
The Field Resistance Line
The straight line OA represents the field resistance line.
It is a plot of the current caused by the voltage E
f
applied to
the field circuit.
When the generator is actually put to use, the voltage E
f
would be the same as the armature voltage E
g
.
The slope E
g
/I
f
is a constant and is equal to the total
resistance R
F
of the field circuit.
R
F
is equal tothe sum of the field winding resistance and the
active portion of the rheostat resistance
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 49
Building Up of Voltage
The generator has some residual magnetism; hence, a
small emf Oa is induced, even if the field current I
f
is
zero.
The small emf Oa causes a feeble current Ob in the field
winding.
This field current produces more flux and a larger emf bc
is induced.
Thus, the voltage builds up continues until the induced
emf is just enough to produce a field current to sustain
it.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 50
Conditions for voltage build-up
(i) There must be residual magnetism.
(ii) The field winding mmf must act to aid this residual flux.
(iii) The field resistance line must intersect the OCC curve at
some point.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 51
Critical Field Resistance
It is the maximum field resistance (corresponding to line OC)
beyond which the voltage build-up is not possible.
Next
With field resistance line OA, the emf induced is E
1
.
For a larger value of the field resistance, the slope of the line
increases (line OB) and cuts the OCC curve at a lower voltage
E
2
. Hence, larger the field resistance, the smaller is the emf
generated.
If the field resistance is increased to a value corresponding to
line OC, that just touches the initial straight part of the OCC
curve.
For the generator to start, the induced emf will be low, so the
voltage build-up process cannot start.
Thus, we conclude that voltage build-up takes place only if
the field resistance is less than that given by line OB. This
resistance is called the critical field resistance.
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 53
Critical Speed
For a given value of field resistance (line OA), it is the lowest speed
(speed N
2
) below which the voltage build-up is not possible.
Next
As emf induced is directly
proportional to the speed
N. Therefore generator
has different OCC curves
for different speeds.
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 54
Load (or External) Characteristics of DC
Generators
These depict the variation of the terminal voltage V with
the load current I
L
, when the speed and the exciting
current are kept constant.
Ideally, we would like that the terminal voltage V remains
constant with the variation of load current I
L
.
But in practice, because of the drop in the armature
circuit, the terminal voltage drops as the load is
increased.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 55
(1) Separately Excited Generator
(a) Circuit arrangement. (b) Load characteristic.
Next
Keeping speed and field current constant the emf generated is Eo
with no load connected.
As the Load increased, the terminal voltage decrease because of
the drop in the armature circuit.
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 56
(2) Shunt Generator
(a) Circuit arrangement. (b) Load characteristic.
The terminal voltage is maximum at no load. As the load is increased
the terminal voltage decreases. There are two reasons why the
voltage falls :
(i) Due to the armature resistance voltage drop, and
(ii) Due to the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 57
(3) Series Generator
From O to a, V increases linearly with I
L
.
This makes a series generator suitable to work as a booster.
From a to b the increase in terminal voltage with load current is less due to the
magnetic saturation.
Beyond b the terminal voltage falls due to demagnetizing effect of the armature
reaction.
After point c, it may be used as a constant current but variable voltage source.
(a) Circuit arrangement. (b) Load characteristic.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 58
(4) Compound-Wound Generators
A : Ideal
B : Level-compounded
C : Over-compounded (series
winding more than shunt
winding)
D : Under-compounded
E : Differential-compounded
Curve A is ideal, but cannot be achieved practically either by
shunt or by series generator.
A compound generator, utilizes opposing effects of both
(i) the falling characteristic of a shunt generator, and
(ii) the rising characteristic of a series generator.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 59
Example 10
A dc shunt generator is to be converted into a level-
compounded generator by adding a series field winding.
From a test on the machine with shunt excitation only, it
is found that the shunt current is 4 A to give 440 V on no
load and 6 A to give the same voltage when the machine
is supplying its full load of 100 A. The shunt winding has
1500 turns per pole.
Find the number of series turns required per pole
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 60
9000 6000 3000 At = =
Since, the full-load current is 100 A, the number of turns per
pole needed in the series winding is given as
se
3000
100
N = = 30
Solution : Ampere turns per pole required on no load,
Ampere turns per pole required on full load.
4 1500 6000 At = =
6 1500 9000 At = =
Hence, ampere turns per pole to be provided by the series
winding
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 61
DC motors
The same dc machine can function as a generator as well
as a motor.
Unlike the series generators, the dc series motors find
wide applications, especially for traction type of loads.
The induced emf in a motor is given by the same
equation. Here it is called reaction, or counter or back
emf.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 62
Equivalent circuit of a dc shunt motor
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 63
Note that the terminal voltage V must be equal to the
sum of induced emf E
b
and voltage drop in the armature.
Similarly, the line current I
L
is equal to the sum of the
armature current I
a
and field current I
f
.
and
b a a
V E I R = +
L a f
I I I = +
60
b
ZNP
E
A
u
=
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 64
Speed Characteristics of DC Motors
A Shunt motor
B Series motor
C Compound motor
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 65
(1) Shunt Motor
The field winding has many turns of thin wire.
The flux, therefore, remains constant.
Since the armature-drop at full load rarely
exceeds 5 % of V, the speed N is almost
constant.
Thus, a dc shunt motor is a constant speed
motor.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 66
(2) Series Motor
The field winding has a few turns of thick wire. Its
speed is given as
a a se
( ) V I R R
N
ku
+
=
The flux increases first in direct proportion to I
a
and
then less rapidly due to the magnetic saturation.
Hence, N is roughly inversely proportional to the
current, as indicated by the curve B.
Thus, a dc series machine is a variable speed motor.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 67
Note that if a dc series motor is started with no load, the
current (and hence the flux) is very low.
The speed may become dangerously high.
It may fly to pieces.
So, a series motor should never be used where the load
could become very low.
For instance, the load should never be belt-connected, as
it may break or slip.
It should be either directly connected or geared to the
shaft.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 68
(3) Compound Motor
The shunt-field flux remains fixed, but the series-field
flux increases with the current.
Therefore, the total flux increases with the current,
but not as rapidly as in a series motor.
Hence, the speed characteristic is in between those
of the shunt and series motors (curve C).
Enough shunt field is provided to guarantee a safe
no-load speed.
Such motors are called stabilized series motors.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 69
Speed Regulation of a DC Motor
For a given machine, A, Z and P are fixed, so that
, where (a constant)
60
ZP
E kN k
A
u = =
a a
a a
V I R
V kN I R N
k
u
u
= + =
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 70
The voltage drop I
a
R
a
is usually less than 5 % of the
terminal voltage V, so that
or
V V
N N
ku u
~
Thus, we find that the speed is directly proportional
to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to
the flux per pole.
Controlling the speed involve the use of either or
both of these relationships.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 71
Percentage Speed Regulation
When a motor is mechanically loaded, its
speed decreases.
If N
0
represents the no-load speed and N
f
the
full-load speed, then
0
% speed regulation 100 %
f
f
N N
N
=
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 72
Example 10
A 250-V dc shunt motor takes 41 A current
while running at full load.
The resistances of motor armature and of field
windings are 0.1 and 250 , respectively.
Determine the back emf generated in the
motor.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 73
Solution
250
1 A
250
sh
sh
V
I
R
= = =
41 1 40 A
a L sh
I I I = = =
Back emf,
250 40 0.1
b a a
E V I R =
= = 246 V
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 74
Example 11
A 4-pole, 440-V dc motor takes an armature current
of 50 A.
The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.28 .
The armature winding is wave-connected with 888
conductors and the useful flux per pole is 23 mWb.
Calculate the speed of the motor.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 75
Solution
440 50 0.28 426 V
b a a
E V I R = = =
60 60 2 426
0.023 888 4
b
AE
N
ZP u
= = ~
626 rpm
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 76
Example 12
A dc motor runs at 900 rpm from a 460-V
supply.
Calculate the approximate speed when the
machine is connected across a 200-V supply.
Assume the new flux to be 0.7 times the
original flux.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 77
Solution
460
900 or 0.511 k
k
u
u
= =
' ' '
'
'
(0.7 ) 0.7
200
0.7 0.511
V V V
N
k k k u u u
= = =
= ~
559 rpm
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 78
Torque Developed by a DC Motor
b a a
V E I R = +
2
a b a a a
VI E I I R = +
That is, the input power is equal to the loss and
electrical power that is converted to mechanical
power.
2
60
d
b a
N
E I
tt
=
2
But mechanical power, watts
60
d
m
N
P
tt
=
60
a
ZNP
I
A
u
=
Next
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 79
The torque developed by the armature,
or
2
d a
Z P
I
A
u
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
d a
I t u
The torque developed in a given dc motor is
proportional to the product of the armature current
and the flux per pole.
All the torque developed is not available at the
shaft, due to losses.
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 80
Torque Characteristics of DC Motors
A Shunt motor
B Series motor
C Compound motor
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 81
(1) Shunt Motor
The flux in is practically independent of the
armature current.
Hence,
The torque characteristic is represented by the
straight line A.
d a
I t
Next
Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 82
(2) Series Motor
The flux is approximately proportional to the
armature current up to full load.
Hence,
Above full-load, magnetic saturation becomes
more prominent and the torque does not
increase so rapidly.
The torque characteristic is represented by
curve B.
2
d a
I t
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 83
(3) Compound Motor
The torque characteristic is in between those
of the shunt and series motors, and is
represented by curve C.
The exact shape of curve C depends upon the
relative value of the shunt and series ampere-
turns at full-load.
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 84
Choice of Motor
For a given current below the full-load, the
shunt motor exerts the largest torque.
But above the full-load, the series motor
exerts the largest torque.
The maximum permissible current at starting
is usually about 1.5 times the full-load value.
Therefore, where a large starting torque is
required such as for hoists, cranes, electric
trains, etc., the series motor is the most
suitable choice.
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 85
Example 13
A 6-pole, dc motor takes an armature current of 110 A at
480 V.
The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.2 , and flux
per pole is 50 mWb.
The armature has 864 lap-connected conductors.
Calculate
(a) the speed, and
(b) the gross torque developed by the armature.
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 86
Solution
(a) The generated emf,
But
60
60 60 6 458
0.05 864 6
b
b
ZNP
E
A
AE
N
ZP
u
=
= =
u
~ 636 rpm
480 110 0.2 458 V
b a a
E V I R = = =
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 87
(b) Torque developed by the armature,
0.05 864 6
110
2 2 6
d a
Z P
I
A
t
t t
u
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
~ 756 Nm
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 88
Example 14
A dc generator runs at 900 rpm when a torque of 2 kNm
is applied by a prime mover.
The core, friction and windage losses in the machine are
8 kW.
Calculate the power generated in the armature winding.
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Saturday, March 30, 2013 Ch. 16 DC Machines 89
Solution :
The power required to drive the generator,
in
2 2 2000 900
60 60
188495 W 188.5 kW
N
P
tt t
= =
= =
The power generated in the armature,
in losses
188.5 8
d
P P P =
= =180.5 kW
Next
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