1

6
C Arrays

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Now go, write it before them in a table, and note it in a book.

Isaiah 30:8

To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.

Confucius

Begin at the beginning, and go on till you come to the end: then stop.
Lewis Carroll

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OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn: To use the array data structure to represent lists and tables of values. To define an array, initialize an array and refer to individual elements of an array. To define symbolic constants. To pass arrays to functions. To use arrays to store, sort and search lists and tables of values. To define and manipulate multiple-subscripted arrays.
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6.1 6.2

Introduction Arrays

6.3
6.4 6.5

Defining Arrays
Array Examples Passing Arrays to Functions

6.6
6.7 6.8

Sorting Arrays
Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays Searching Arrays

6.9

Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

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6.1 Introduction
Arrays
Structures of related data items
Static entity same size throughout program Dynamic data structures discussed in Chapter 12

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6.2 Arrays
Array
Group of consecutive memory locations Same name and type

To refer to an element, specify

Array name Position number

Format:
arrayname[ position number ] First element at position 0 n element array named c:
- c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]...c[ n 1 ]

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Fig. 6.1 | 12-element array.

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6.2 Arrays
Array elements are like normal variables
c[ 0 ] = 3; printf( "%d", c[ 0 ] );

Perform operations in subscript. If x equals 3

c[ 5 - 2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]

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Common Programming Error 6.1

It is important to note the difference between the seventh element of the array and array element seven. Because array subscripts begin at 0, the seventh element of the array has a subscript of 6, while array element seven has a subscript of 7 and is actually the eighth element of the array. This is a source of off-by-one errors.

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10

Operators
[] ++ * + < == && || ?: = , += -= *= /= %= () -/ <= != > >= ! % (type)

Associativity
left to right right to left left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right left to right right to left right to left left to right

Type
highest unary multiplicative additive relational equality logical AND logical OR conditional assignment comma

Fig. 6.2 | Operator precedence.

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11

6.3 Defining Arrays

When defining arrays, specify
Name Type of array Number of elements
arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ];

Examples:
int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ];

Defining multiple arrays of same type

Format similar to regular variables Example:
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

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12

6.4 Array Examples

Initializers
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0

int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }

- All elements 0

If too many initializers, a syntax error occurs

C arrays have no bounds checking

If size omitted, initializers determine it

int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

/* Fig. 6.3: fig06_03.c initializing an array */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { int n[ 10 ]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */ int i; /* counter */ /* initialize elements of array n to 0 */ for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { n[ i ] = 0; /* set element at location i to 0 */ } /* end for */ printf( "%s%13s\n", "Element", "Value" ); /* output contents of array n in tabular format */ for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { printf( "%7d%13d\n", i, n[ i ] ); } /* end for */ return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

13

Outline

fig06_03.c

(1 of 2 ) for loop initializes each array element separately

for loop outputs all array elements

25 } /* end main */

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Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14

Outline

fig06_03.c

(2 of 2 )

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1 2 3 4 5 6

/* Fig. 6.4: fig06_04.c Initializing an array with an initializer list */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) /* use initializer list to initialize array n */ int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 }; int i; /* counter */ printf( "%s%13s\n", "Element", "Value" ); /* output contents of array in tabular format */ for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { printf( "%7d%13d\n", i, n[ i ] ); } /* end for */

15

Outline

7 { 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

fig06_04.c

(1 of 2 )

initializer list initializes all array elements simultaneously

19 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 20 21 } /* end main */

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Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 32 27 64 18 95 14 90 70 60 37

16

Outline

fig06_04.c

(2 of 2 )

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17

Common Programming Error 6.2

Forgetting to initialize the elements of an array whose elements should be initialized.

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18

Common Programming Error 6.3

Providing more initializers in an array initializer list than there are elements in the array is a syntax error.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

/* Fig. 6.5: fig06_05.c Initialize the elements of array s to the even integers from 2 to 20 */ #include <stdio.h> #define directive tells compiler #define SIZE 10 /* maximum size of array */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { /* symbolic constant SIZE can be used to specify array size */ int s[ SIZE ]; /* array s has SIZE elements */ int j; /* counter */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE; j++ ) { /* set the values */ s[ j ] = 2 + 2 * j; } /* end for */ printf( "%s%13s\n", "Element", "Value" ); /* output contents of array s in tabular format */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE; j++ ) { printf( "%7d%13d\n", j, s[ j ] ); } /* end for */ return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

19

Outline

to replace all instances of the word SIZE with 10

fig06_05.c

(1 of 2 )

SIZE is replaced with 10 by the compiler, so array s has 10 elements for loop initializes each array element separately

25 26 } /* end main */

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Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

20

Outline

fig06_05.c

(2 of 2 )

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21

Common Programming Error 6.4

Ending a #define or #include preprocessor directive with a semicolon. Remember that preprocessor directives are not C statements.

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22

Common Programming Error 6.5

Assigning a value to a symbolic constant in an executable statement is a syntax error. A symbolic constant is not a variable. No space is reserved for it by the compiler as with variables that hold values at execution time.

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23

Software Engineering Observation 6.1

Defining the size of each array as a symbolic constant makes programs more scalable.

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24

Good Programming Practice 6.1

Use only uppercase letters for symbolic constant names. This makes these constants stand out in a program and reminds you that symbolic constants are not variables.

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25

Good Programming Practice 6.2

In multiword symbolic constant names, use underscores to separate the words for readability.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

/* Fig. 6.6: fig06_06.c Compute the sum of the elements of the array */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 12 /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { /* use initializer list to initialize array */ int a[ SIZE ] = { 1, 3, 5, 4, 7, 2, 99, 16, 45, 67, 89, 45 }; int i; /* counter */ int total = 0; /* sum of array */ /* sum contents of array a */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { total += a[ i ]; } /* end for */

26

Outline

fig06_06.c

initializer list initializes all array elements simultaneously for loop adds each element of the array to variable total

19 printf( "Total of array element values is %d\n", total ); 20 21 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 22 23 } /* end main */ Total of array element values is 383

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.7: fig06_07.c Student poll program */ #include <stdio.h> #define RESPONSE_SIZE 40 /* define array sizes */ #define FREQUENCY_SIZE 11 /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) int answer; /* counter to loop through 40 responses */ int rating; /* counter to loop through frequencies 1-10 */ /* initialize frequency counters to 0 */ int frequency[ FREQUENCY_SIZE ] = { 0 }; /* place the survey responses in the responses array */ int responses[ RESPONSE_SIZE ] = { 1, 2, 6, 4, 8, 5, 9, 7, 8, 10, 1, 6, 3, 8, 6, 10, 3, 8, 2, 7, 6, 5, 7, 6, 8, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10 }; /* for each answer, select value of an element of array responses and use that value as subscript in array frequency to determine element to increment */ for ( answer = 0; answer < RESPONSE_SIZE; answer++ ) { ++frequency[ responses [ answer ] ]; } /* end for */

27

Outline
#define directives create symbolic constants
fig06_07.c

9 { 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

(1 of 2 )

frequency array is defined with 11 elements responses array is defined with 40 elements and its elements are initialized

subscript of frequency array is given by value in responses array

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28 29 30 31 32 33

/* display results */ printf( "%s%17s\n", "Rating", "Frequency" ); /* output the frequencies in a tabular format */ for ( rating = 1; rating < FREQUENCY_SIZE; rating++ ) { printf( "%6d%17d\n", rating, frequency[ rating ] );

28

Outline

34 } /* end for */ 35 36 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 37 38 } /* end main */ Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency 2 2 2 2 5 11 5 7 1 3

fig06_07.c

(2 of 2 )

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29

Good Programming Practice 6.3

Strive for program clarity. Sometimes it may be worthwhile to trade off the most efficient use of memory or processor time in favor of writing clearer programs.

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30

Performance Tip 6.1

Sometimes performance considerations far outweigh clarity considerations.

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31

Common Programming Error 6.6

Referring to an element outside the array bounds.

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32

Error-Prevention Tip 6.1

When looping through an array, the array subscript should never go below 0 and should always be less than the total number of elements in the array (size 1). Make sure the loop-terminating condition prevents accessing elements outside this range.

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33

Error-Prevention Tip 6.2

Programs should validate the correctness of all input values to prevent erroneous information from affecting a programs calculations.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

/* Fig. 6.8: fig06_08.c Histogram printing program */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 10 /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { /* use initializer list to initialize array n */ int n[ SIZE ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 }; int i; /* outer for counter for array elements */ int j; /* inner for counter counts *s in each histogram bar */ printf( "%s%13s%17s\n", "Element", "Value", "Histogram" ); /* for each element of array n, output a bar of the histogram */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%7d%13d ", i, n[ i ]) ;

34

Outline

fig06_08.c

(1 of 2 )

for ( j = 1; j <= n[ i ]; j++ ) { /* print one bar */ printf( "%c", '*' ); } /* end inner for */ printf( "\n" ); /* end a histogram bar */ } /* end outer for */ return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

nested for loop prints n[ i ] asterisks on the ith line

29 } /* end main */

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Element 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Value 19 3 15 7 11 9 13 5 17 1

Histogram ******************* *** *************** ******* *********** ********* ************* ***** ***************** *

35

Outline

fig06_08.c

(2 of 2 )

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.9: fig06_09.c Roll a six-sided die 6000 times */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #define SIZE 7 /* function main begins program execution */

36

Outline

fig06_09.c

9 int main( void ) 10 { 11 int face; /* random die value 1 - 6 */ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 /* roll die 6000 times */ for ( roll = 1; roll <= 6000; roll++ ) { face = 1 + rand() % 6; ++frequency[ face ]; /* replaces 26-line switch of Fig. 5.8 */ } /* end for */ int roll; /* roll counter 1-6000 */ int frequency[ SIZE ] = { 0 }; /* clear counts */ srand( time( NULL ) ); /* seed random-number generator */

(1 of 2 )

for loop uses one array to track number of times each number is rolled instead of using 6 variables and a switch statement

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22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 printf( "%s%17s\n", "Face", "Frequency" ); /* output frequency elements 1-6 in tabular format */ for ( face = 1; face < SIZE; face++ ) { printf( "%4d%17d\n", face, frequency[ face ] ); } /* end for */

37

Outline

fig06_09.c

30 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 31 32 } /* end main */ Face 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency 1029 951 987 1033 1010 990

(2 of 2 )

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38

6.4 Array Examples

Character arrays
String first is really a static array of characters Character arrays can be initialized using string literals
char string1[] = "first";

- Null character '\0' terminates strings - string1 actually has 6 elements It is equivalent to
char string1[] = { 'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0' };

Can access individual characters

string1[ 3 ] is character s

Array name is address of array, so & not needed for scanf

scanf( "%s", string2 );

- Reads characters until whitespace encountered - Be careful not to write past end of array, as it is possible to do so

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39

Common Programming Error 6.7

Not providing scanf with a character array large enough to store a string typed at the keyboard can result in destruction of data in a program and other runtime errors. This can also make a system susceptible to worm and virus attacks.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

/* Fig. 6.10: fig06_10.c Treating character arrays as strings */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { char string1[ 20 ]; /* reserves 20 characters */ char string2[] = "string literal"; /* reserves 15 characters */ int i; /* counter */ /* read string from user into array string1 */ printf("Enter a string: ");

40

Outline

fig06_10.c

(1 of 2 )

string2 array is defined with one element for each character, so 15 elements including null character /0

scanf( "%s", string1 ); /* input ended by whitespace character */ /* output strings */ printf( "string1 is: %s\nstring2 is: %s\n" "string1 with spaces between characters is:\n", string1, string2 ); /* output characters until null character is reached */ for ( i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ ) { printf( "%c ", string1[ i ] ); } /* end for */ printf( "\n" ); return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

for loop prints characters of string1 array with spaces in between

30 } /* end main */

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Enter a string1 string2 string1 H e l l

string: Hello there is: Hello is: string literal with spaces between characters is: o

41

Outline

fig06_10.c

(2 of 2 )

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42

Performance Tip 6.2

In functions that contain automatic arrays where the function is in and out of scope frequently, make the array static so it is not created each time the function is called.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

/* Fig. 6.11: fig06_11.c Static arrays are initialized to zero */ #include <stdio.h> void staticArrayInit( void ); /* function prototype */ void automaticArrayInit( void ); /* function prototype */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) printf( "First call to each function:\n" ); staticArrayInit(); automaticArrayInit(); printf( "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n" ); staticArrayInit(); automaticArrayInit();

43

Outline

fig06_11.c

(1 of 4 )

10 { 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 20 21 } /* end main */ 22

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23 /* function to demonstrate a static local array */ 24 void staticArrayInit( void ) 25 { 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 /* output contents of array1 */ for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++ ) { printf( "array1[ %d ] = %d ", i, array1[ i ] ); } /* end for */ printf( "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n" ); /* modify and output contents of array1 */ for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++ ) { /* initializes elements to 0 first time function is called */ static int array1[ 3 ]; int i; /* counter */

44

Outline
static array is created only once, when staticArrayInit is first called

fig06_11.c

printf( "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n" );

(2 of 4 )

41 printf( "array1[ %d ] = %d ", i, array1[ i ] += 5 ); 42 } /* end for */ 43 44 } /* end function staticArrayInit */

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45 46 /* function to demonstrate an automatic local array */ 47 void automaticArrayInit( void ) 48 { 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 /* initializes elements each time function is called */ int array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 }; int i; /* counter */

45

Outline

automatic array is recreated every time automaticArrayInit is called

fig06_11.c

printf( "\n\nValues on entering automaticArrayInit:\n" ); /* output contents of array2 */ for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++ ) { printf("array2[ %d ] = %d } /* end for */ ", i, array2[ i ] );

(3 of 4 )

printf( "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n" ); /* modify and output contents of array2 */ for ( i = 0; i <= 2; i++ ) { printf( "array2[ %d ] = %d ", i, array2[ i ] += 5 ); } /* end for */

67 } /* end function automaticArrayInit */

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First call to each function: Values on array1[ 0 Values on array1[ 0 Values on array2[ 0 Values on array2[ 0 entering staticArrayInit: ] = 0 array1[ 1 ] = 0 array1[ 2 ] = 0 exiting staticArrayInit: ] = 5 array1[ 1 ] = 5 array1[ 2 ] = 5 entering automaticArrayInit: ] = 1 array2[ 1 ] = 2 array2[ 2 ] = 3 exiting automaticArrayInit: ] = 6 array2[ 1 ] = 7 array2[ 2 ] = 8

46

Outline

fig06_11.c

(4 of 4 )

Second call to each function: Values on array1[ 0 Values on array1[ 0 Values on array2[ 0 Values on array2[ 0 entering staticArrayInit: ] = 5 array1[ 1 ] = 5 array1[ 2 ] = 5 exiting staticArrayInit: ] = 10 array1[ 1 ] = 10 array1[ 2 ] = 10 entering automaticArrayInit: ] = 1 array2[ 1 ] = 2 array2[ 2 ] = 3 exiting automaticArrayInit: ] = 6 array2[ 1 ] = 7 array2[ 2 ] = 8

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47

Common Programming Error 6.8

Assuming that elements of a local static array are initialized to zero every time the function in which the array is defined is called.

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48

6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

Passing arrays
To pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any brackets
int myArray[ 24 ]; myFunction( myArray, 24 );

- Array size usually passed to function

Arrays passed call-by-reference Name of array is address of first element Function knows where the array is stored
- Modifies original memory locations

Passing array elements

Passed by call-by-value Pass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to function

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49

6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions

Function prototype
void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize );

Parameter names optional in prototype

- int b[] could be written int [] - int arraySize could be simply int

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50

Performance Tip 6.3

Passing arrays by reference makes sense for performance reasons. If arrays were passed by value, a copy of each element would be passed. For large, frequently passed arrays, this would be time consuming and would consume considerable storage for the copies of the arrays.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

/* Fig. 6.12: fig06_12.c The name of an array is the same as &array[ 0 ] */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { char array[ 5 ]; /* define an array of size 5 */ printf( " array = %p\n&array[0] = %p\n array, &array[ 0 ], &array ); &array = %p\n",

51

Outline

fig06_12.c

12 13 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 14 15 } /* end main */ array = 0012FF78 &array[0] = 0012FF78 &array = 0012FF78

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52

Software Engineering Observation 6.2

It is possible to pass an array by value (by using a simple trick we explain in Chapter 10).

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.13: fig06_13.c Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 5 /* function prototypes */ void modifyArray( int b[], int size ); void modifyElement( int e );

53

Outline

9 10 /* function main begins program execution */ 11 int main( void ) 12 { 13 int a[ SIZE ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }; /* initialize a */ 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 int i; /* counter */

Function prototype indicates function will take an array (1 of 3 )

fig06_13.c

printf( "Effects of passing entire array by reference:\n\nThe " "values of the original array are:\n" ); /* output original array */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%3d", a[ i ] ); } /* end for */ printf( "\n" ); /* pass array a to modifyArray by reference */ modifyArray( a, SIZE ); printf( "The values of the modified array are:\n" );

Array a is passed to modifyArray by passing only its name

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31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

/* output modified array */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%3d", a[ i ] ); } /* end for */ /* output value of a[ 3 ] */ printf( "\n\n\nEffects of passing array element " "by value:\n\nThe value of a[3] is %d\n", a[ 3 ] ); modifyElement( a[ 3 ] ); /* pass array element a[ 3 ] by value */ /* output value of a[ 3 ] */ printf( "The value of a[ 3 ] is %d\n", a[ 3 ] );

54

Outline

fig06_13.c

(2 of 3 )

Array element is passed to modifyElement by passing a[ 3 ]

44 45 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 46 47 } /* end main */ 48 49 /* in function modifyArray, "b" points to the original array "a" 50 in memory */ 51 void modifyArray( int b[], int size ) 52 { 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 int j; /* counter */ /* multiply each array element by 2 */ for ( j = 0; j < size; j++ ) { b[ j ] *= 2; } /* end for */

60 } /* end function modifyArray */

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61 62 /* in function modifyElement, "e" is a local copy of array element 63 a[ 3 ] passed from main */ 64 void modifyElement( int e ) 65 { 66 /* multiply parameter by 2 */

55

Outline

67 printf( "Value in modifyElement is %d\n", e *= 2 ); 68 } /* end function modifyElement */ Effects of passing entire array by reference: The values of 0 1 2 3 The values of 0 2 4 6 the original array are: 4 the modified array are: 8

fig06_13.c

(3 of 3 )

Effects of passing array element by value: The value of a[3] is 6 Value in modifyElement is 12 The value of a[ 3 ] is 6

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

/* Fig. 6.14: fig06_14.c Demonstrating the const type qualifier with arrays */ #include <stdio.h> void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] ); /* function prototype */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { int a[] = { 10, 20, 30 }; /* initialize a */ tryToModifyArray( a ); printf("%d %d %d\n", a[ 0 ], a[ 1 ], a[ 2 ] ); return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

56

Outline

fig06_14.c

(1 of 2 ) const qualifier tells compiler that array cannot be changed

18 } /* end main */ 19 20 /* in function tryToModifyArray, array b is const, so it cannot be 21 used to modify the original array a in main. */ 22 void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] ) 23 { 24 b[ 0 ] /= 2; /* error */ 25 b[ 1 ] /= 2; /* error */ 26 b[ 2 ] /= 2; /* error */ 27 } /* end function tryToModifyArray */

Any attempts to modify the array will result in errors

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Compiling... FIG06_14.C fig06_14.c(24) : error C2166: l-value specifies const object fig06_14.c(25) : error C2166: l-value specifies const object fig06_14.c(26) : error C2166: l-value specifies const object

57

Outline

fig06_14.c

(2 of 2 )

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58

Software Engineering Observation 6.3

The const type qualifier can be applied to an array parameter in a function definition to prevent the original array from being modified in the function body. This is another example of the principle of least privilege. Functions should not be given the capability to modify an array unless it is absolutely necessary.

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59

6.6 Sorting Arrays

Sorting data
Important computing application Virtually every organization must sort some data

Bubble sort (sinking sort)

Several passes through the array Successive pairs of elements are compared
- If increasing order (or identical ), no change - If decreasing order, elements exchanged

Repeat

Example:
original: 3 4 2 6 7 pass 1: 3 2 4 6 7 pass 2: 2 3 4 6 7 Small elements "bubble" to the top

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60

Performance Tip 6.4

Often, the simplest algorithms perform poorly. Their virtue is that they are easy to write, test and debug. However, more complex algorithms are often needed to realize maximum performance.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

/* Fig. 6.15: fig06_15.c This program sorts an array's values into ascending order */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 10 /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) { /* initialize a */ int a[ SIZE ] = { 2, 6, 4, 8, 10, 12, 89, 68, 45, 37 }; int pass; /* passes counter */ int i; /* comparisons counter */ int hold; /* temporary location used to swap array elements */ printf( "Data items in original order\n" ); /* output original array */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%4d", a[ i ] ); } /* end for */ /* bubble sort */ /* loop to control number of passes */ for ( pass = 1; pass < SIZE; pass++ ) { /* loop to control number of comparisons per pass */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE - 1; i++ ) {

61

Outline

fig06_15.c

(1 of 2 )

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29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 }

/* compare adjacent elements and swap them if first element if ( a[ hold a[ i a[ i is greater than second element */ i ] > a[ i + 1 ] ) { = a[ i ]; If any two array elements are out of ] = a[ i + 1 ]; order, the function swaps them + 1 ] = hold;

62

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} /* end if */ } /* end inner for */ } /* end outer for */ printf( "\nData items in ascending order\n" ); /* output sorted array */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%4d", a[ i ] ); } /* end for */ printf( "\n" ); return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

fig06_15.c

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Data items in original order 2 6 4 8 10 12 89 68 Data items in ascending order 2 4 6 8 10 12 37 45

45 68

37 89

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63

6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays
Mean average

Median number in middle of sorted list

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 3 is the median

Mode number that occurs most often

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 1 is the mode

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/* Fig. 6.16: fig06_16.c This program introduces the topic of survey data analysis. It computes the mean, median and mode of the data */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 99 /* function prototypes */ void mean( const int answer[] ); void median( int answer[] ); void mode( int freq[], const int answer[] ) ; void bubbleSort( int a[] ); void printArray( const int a[] );

64

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fig06_16.c

(1 of 6 )

13 14 /* function main begins program execution */ 15 int main( void ) 16 { 17 int frequency[ 10 ] = { 0 }; /* initialize array frequency */ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 /* initialize int response[ { 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 9, 6, 7, 8, 7, 6, 7, 5, 7, 8, 7, 8, 6, 8, 9, 8, 9, 7, 9, array response SIZE ] = 9, 8, 7, 8, 9, 5, 9, 8, 7, 8, 9, 3, 9, 8, 7, 8, 7, 8, 2, 6, 9, 8, 9, 5, 8, 8, 7, 8, 3, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 7, 8, 7, 4, 9, */ 8, 9, 7, 8, 8, 7, 8, 9, 5, 6, 7, 9, 2, 3, 4, 8,

7, 4, 4, 2, 5, 3, 8, 7, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 1, 6, 5, 7, 8, 7 };

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31 32

65
/* process responses */

33 mean( response ); 34 median( response ); 35 mode( frequency, response ); 36 37 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 38 39 } /* end main */ 40 41 /* calculate average of all response values */ 42 void mean( const int answer[] ) 43 { 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 int j; /* counter for totaling array elements */ int total = 0; /* variable to hold sum of array elements */ printf( "%s\n%s\n%s\n", "********", " /* total response values */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE; j++ ) { total += answer[ j ]; } /* end for */ printf( "The mean is the average value of the data\n" "items. The mean is equal to the total of\n" "all the data items divided by the number\n" "of data items ( %d ). The mean value for\n" "this run is: %d / %d = %.4f\n\n", double ) total / SIZE ); Mean", "********" );

Outline

fig06_16.c

(2 of 6 )

59 SIZE, total, SIZE, ( 60 } /* end function mean */

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61 62 /* sort array and determine median element's value */ 63 void median( int answer[] ) 64 { 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 printf( "\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s", "********", " Median", "********", "The unsorted array of responses is" ); printArray( answer ); /* output unsorted array */ bubbleSort( answer ); /* sort array */ printf( "\n\nThe sorted array is" );

66

Outline

fig06_16.c

(3 of 6 )

Once the array is sorted, the median will be the value of the middle element

74 printArray( answer ); /* output sorted array */ 75 76 /* display median element */ 77 printf( "\n\nThe median is element %d of\n" 78 "the sorted %d element array.\n" 79 "For this run the median is %d\n\n", 80 SIZE / 2, SIZE, answer[ SIZE / 2 ] ); 81 } /* end function median */ 82 83 /* determine most frequent response */ 84 void mode( int freq[], const int answer[] ) 85 { 86 int rating; /* counter for accessing elements 1-9 of array freq */ 87 int j; /* counter for summarizing elements 0-98 of array answer */ 88 int h; /* counter for diplaying histograms of elements in array freq */ 89 int largest = 0; /* represents largest frequency */ 90 int modeValue = 0; /* represents most frequent response */

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91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 /* initialize frequencies to 0 */ for ( rating = 1; rating <= 9; rating++ ) { freq[ rating ] = 0; } /* end for */ /* summarize frequencies */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE; j++ ) { ++freq[ answer[ j ] ]; } /* end for */ /* output headers for result columns */ printf( "%s%11s%19s\n\n%54s\n%54s\n\n", "Response", "Frequency", "Histogram", "1 1 2 2", "5 0 5 0 5" ); printf( "\n%s\n%s\n%s\n", "********", " Mode", "********" );

67

Outline

fig06_16.c

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/* output results */ for ( rating = 1; rating <= 9; rating++ ) { printf( "%8d%11d ", rating, freq[ rating ] ); /* keep track of mode value and largest frequency value */ if ( freq[ rating ] > largest ) { largest = freq[ rating ]; modeValue = rating; } /* end if */

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119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

68
/* output histogram bar representing frequency value */ for ( h = 1; h <= freq[ rating ]; h++ ) { printf( "*" ); } /* end inner for */ printf( "\n" ); /* being new line of output */ } /* end outer for */ /* display the mode value */ printf( "The mode is the most frequent value.\n" "For this run the mode is %d which occurred" " %d times.\n", modeValue, largest ); } /* end function mode */

Outline

fig06_16.c

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133 134 /* function that sorts an array with bubble sort algorithm */ 135 void bubbleSort( int a[] ) 136 { 137 int pass; /* pass counter */ 138 int j; /* comparison counter */ 139 int hold; /* temporary location used to swap elements */ 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 /* loop to control number of passes */ for ( pass = 1; pass < SIZE; pass++ ) { /* loop to control number of comparisons per pass */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE - 1; j++ ) {

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147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

/* swap elements if out of order */ if ( a[ j ] > a[ j + 1 ] ) { hold = a[ j ]; a[ j ] = a[ j + 1 ]; a[ j + 1 ] = hold; } /* end if */ } /* end inner for */

69

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fig06_16.c

155 156 } /* end outer for */ 157 158 } /* end function bubbleSort */ 159 160 /* output array contents (20 values per row) */ 161 void printArray( const int a[] ) 162 { 163 int j; /* counter */ 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 /* output array contents */ for ( j = 0; j < SIZE; j++ ) { if ( j % 20 == 0 ) { /* begin new line every 20 values */ printf( "\n" ); } /* end if */

(6 of 6 )

171 172 printf( "%2d", a[ j ] ); 173 } /* end for */ 174 175 } /* end function printArray */

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******** Mean ******** The mean is the average value of the data items. The mean is equal to the total of all the data items divided by the number of data items ( 99 ). The mean value for this run is: 681 / 99 = 6.8788 ******** Median ******** The unsorted 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 7 8 9 3 9 6 7 8 7 8 7 5 6 7 2 5 3 7 4 4 2 5 3 The sorted 1 2 2 2 3 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9

70

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(1 of 2 )
array 8 9 8 8 7 8 9 8 9 9 4 6 8 7 5 of responses is 9 7 8 9 5 9 8 7 7 7 8 9 8 9 8 9 2 7 8 9 8 9 8 9 4 7 8 9 6 8 7 8 6 4 5 6 1 6 5 7 4 7 7 8 9 4 7 7 8 9 4 7 7 8 9 5 7 8 8 9 5 7 8 8 9 5 7 8 8 9 5 7 8 8 9

8 7 7 9 8 5 7 8 8 9

7 8 5 7 7 5 7 8 8 9

8 9 3 8

array 3 3 3 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9

is 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

5 7 8 8 (continued on next slide )

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(continued from previous slide) The median is element 49 of the sorted 99 element array. For this run the median is 7 ******** Mode ******** Response

71

Outline

Frequency

Histogram 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5

(2 of 2 )

1 1 * 2 3 *** 3 4 **** 4 5 ***** 5 8 ******** 6 9 ********* 7 23 *********************** 8 27 *************************** 9 19 ******************* The mode is the most frequent value. For this run the mode is 8 which occurred 27 times.

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72

6.8 Searching Arrays

Search an array for a key value

Linear search
Simple Compare each element of array with key value Useful for small and unsorted arrays

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.18: fig06_18.c Linear search of an array */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 100 /* function prototype */ int linearSearch( const int array[], int key, int size );

73

Outline

fig06_18.c

9 /* function main begins program execution */ 10 int main( void ) 11 { 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 /* create data */ for ( x = 0; x < SIZE; x++ ) { a[ x ] = 2 * x; } /* end for */ int a[ SIZE ]; /* create array a */ int x; /* counter for initializing elements 0-99 of array a */ int searchKey; /* value to locate in array a */ int element; /* variable to hold location of searchKey or -1 */

(1 of 3 )

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22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

printf( "Enter integer search key:\n" ); scanf( "%d", &searchKey ); /* attempt to locate searchKey in array a */ element = linearSearch( a, searchKey, SIZE ); /* display results */ if ( element != -1 ) { printf( "Found value in element %d\n", element ); } /* end if */ else { printf( "Value not found\n" ); } /* end else */ return 0; /* indicates successful termination */

74

Outline

fig06_18.c

(2 of 3 )

37 38 } /* end main */ 39 40 /* compare key to every element of array until the location is found 41 or until the end of array is reached; return subscript of element 42 if key or -1 if key is not found */ 43 int linearSearch( const int array[], int key, int size ) 44 { 45 int n; /* counter */ 46

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47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

/* loop through array */ for ( n = 0; n < size; ++n ) { if ( array[ n ] == key ) { return n; /* return location of key */ } /* end if */ } /* end for */ return -1; /* key not found */

75

Outline

Linear search algorithm searches through every element in the array until a match is found

fig06_18.c

(3 of 3 )

58 } /* end function linearSearch */ Enter integer search key: 36 Found value in element 18

Enter integer search key: 37 Value not found

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76

6.8 Searching Arrays

Binary search
For sorted arrays only
Compares middle element with key
If equal, match found If key < middle, looks in first half of array If key > middle, looks in last half Repeat

Very fast; at most n steps, where 2n > number of elements

- 30 element array takes at most 5 steps 25 > 30 so at most 5 steps

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/* Fig. 6.19: fig06_19.c Binary search of an array */ #include <stdio.h> #define SIZE 15 /* function prototypes */ int binarySearch( const int b[], int searchKey, int low, int high ); void printHeader( void ); void printRow( const int b[], int low, int mid, int high ); /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) int int int int a[ SIZE ]; /* create array a */ i; /* counter for initializing elements 0-14 of array a */ key; /* value to locate in array a */ result; /* variable to hold location of key or -1 */

77

Outline

fig06_19.c

(1 of 6 )

13 { 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

/* create data */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { a[ i ] = 2 * i; } /* end for */ printf( "Enter a number between 0 and 28: " ); scanf( "%d", &key ); printHeader(); /* search for key in array a */ result = binarySearch( a, key, 0, SIZE - 1 );

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31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

78
/* display results */ if ( result != -1 ) { printf( "\n%d found in array element %d\n", key, result ); } /* end if */ else { printf( "\n%d not found\n", key ); } /* end else */ return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ } /* end main */ /* function to perform binary search of an array */ int binarySearch( const int b[], int searchKey, int low, int high ) { int middle; /* variable to hold middle element of array */ /* loop until low subscript is greater than high subscript */ while ( low <= high ) { /* determine middle element of subarray being searched */ middle = ( low + high ) / 2; /* display subarray used in this loop iteration */ printRow( b, low, middle, high );

Outline

fig06_19.c

(2 of 6 )

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58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

/* if searchKey matched middle element, return middle */ if ( searchKey == b[ middle ] ) { return middle; } /* end if */

79

If value is found, return its index

Outline

/* if searchKey less than middle element, set new high */ else if ( searchKey < b[ middle ] ) { high = middle - 1; /* search low end of array */ } /* end else if */

fig06_19.c

(3 of 6 )

If value is too high, search the left half of array

/* if searchKey greater than middle element, set new low */ else { low = middle + 1; /* search high end of array */ } /* end else */

If value is too low, search the right half of array

} /* end while */

75 return -1; /* searchKey not found */ 76 77 } /* end function binarySearch */ 78 79 /* Print a header for the output */ 80 void printHeader( void ) 81 { 82 83 84 85 int i; /* counter */ printf( "\nSubscripts:\n" );

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86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

/* output column head */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "%3d ", i ); } /* end for */ printf( "\n" ); /* start new line of output */ /* output line of - characters */ for ( i = 1; i <= 4 * SIZE; i++ ) { printf( "-" ); } /* end for */

80

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fig06_19.c

(4 of 6 )

98 printf( "\n" ); /* start new line of output */ 99 } /* end function printHeader */ 100 101 /* Print one row of output showing the current 102 part of the array being processed. */ 103 void printRow( const int b[], int low, int mid, int high ) 104 { 105 int i; /* counter for iterating through array b */ 106

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107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

/* loop through entire array */ for ( i = 0; i < SIZE; i++ ) { /* display spaces if outside current subarray range */ if ( i < low || i > high ) { printf( " " ); } /* end if */ else if ( i == mid ) { /* display middle element */ printf( "%3d*", b[ i ] ); /* mark middle value */ } /* end else if */ else { /* display other elements in subarray */ printf( "%3d ", b[ i ] ); } /* end else */ } /* end for */ printf( "\n" ); /* start new line of output */

81

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fig06_19.c

(5 of 6 )

124 } /* end function printRow */ Enter a number between 0 and 28: 25 Subscripts: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -----------------------------------------------------------0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14* 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 16 18 20 22* 24 26 28 24 26* 28 24* 25 not found (continued on next slide )

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(continued from previous slide) Enter a number between 0 and 28: 8 Subscripts: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -----------------------------------------------------------0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14* 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 0 2 4 6* 8 10 12 8 10* 12 8* 8 found in array element 4

82

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fig06_19.c

(6 of 6 )

Enter a number between 0 and 28: 6 Subscripts: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -----------------------------------------------------------0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14* 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 0 2 4 6* 8 10 12 6 found in array element 3

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83

6.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

Multiple subscripted arrays
Tables with rows and columns (m by n array) Like matrices: specify row, then column

Initialization
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };

Initializers grouped by row in braces If not enough, unspecified elements set to zero
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } };

Referencing elements
Specify row, then column
printf( "%d", b[ 0 ][ 1 ] );

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84

Common Programming Error 6.9

Referencing a double-subscripted array element as a[ x, y ] instead of a[ x ][ y ]. C interprets a[ x, y ] as a[ y ], and as such it does not cause a syntax error.

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85

Fig. 6.20 | Double-subscripted array with three rows and four columns.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.21: fig06_21.c Initializing multidimensional arrays */ #include <stdio.h> void printArray( const int a[][ 3 ] ); /* function prototype */ /* function main begins program execution */ int main( void ) /* initialize array1, array2, array3 */ int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } }; int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int array3[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 4 } }; printf( "Values in array1 by row are:\n" ); printArray( array1 ); printf( "Values in array2 by row are:\n" ); printArray( array2 ); printf( "Values in array3 by row are:\n" ); printArray( array3 );

86

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fig06_21.c

9 { 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

(1 of 2 ) array1 is initialized with both rows full

array2 and array3 are initialized only partially

24 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 25 26 } /* end main */ 27

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28 /* function to output array with two rows and three columns */ 29 void printArray( const int a[][ 3 ] ) 30 { 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 int i; /* row counter */ int j; /* column counter */ /* loop through rows */ for ( i = 0; i <= 1; i++ ) { /* output column values */ for ( j = 0; j <= 2; j++ ) { printf( "%d ", a[ i ][ j ] ); } /* end inner for */ printf( "\n" ); /* start new line of output */ } /* end outer for */

87

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fig06_21.c

(2 of 2 )

45 } /* end function printArray */ Values in array1 by row are: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Values in array2 by row are: 1 2 3 4 5 0 Values in array3 by row are: 1 2 0 4 0 0

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

/* Fig. 6.22: fig06_22.c Double-subscripted array example */ #include <stdio.h> #define STUDENTS 3 #define EXAMS 4 /* function prototypes */ int minimum( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests );

88

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fig06_22.c

9 int maximum( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests ); 10 double average( const int setOfGrades[], int tests ); 11 void printArray( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests ); 12 13 /* function main begins program execution */ 14 int main( void ) 15 { 16 int student; /* student counter */ 17 18 /* initialize student grades for three students (rows) */ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 const int studentGrades[ STUDENTS ][ EXAMS ] = { { 77, 68, 86, 73 }, { 96, 87, 89, 78 }, { 70, 90, 86, 81 } }; /* output array studentGrades */ printf( "The array is:\n" ); printArray( studentGrades, STUDENTS, EXAMS );

(1 of 6 )

Each row in the array corresponds to a single students set of grades

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28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

/* determine smallest and largest grade values */ printf( "\n\nLowest grade: %d\nHighest grade: %d\n", minimum( studentGrades, STUDENTS, EXAMS ), maximum( studentGrades, STUDENTS, EXAMS ) ); /* calculate average grade for each student */ for ( student = 0; student < STUDENTS; student++ ) { printf( "The average grade for student %d is %.2f\n", student, average( studentGrades[ student ], EXAMS ) ); } /* end for */

89

Outline

fig06_22.c

(2 of 6 )

average function is passed a row of the array

39 return 0; /* indicates successful termination */ 40 41 } /* end main */ 42

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43 /* Find the minimum grade */ 44 int minimum( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests ) 45 { 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 int i; /* student counter */ int j; /* exam counter */ int lowGrade = 100; /* initialize to highest possible grade */ /* loop through rows of grades */ for ( i = 0; i < pupils; i++ ) { /* loop through columns of grades */ for ( j = 0; j < tests; j++ ) { if ( grades[ i ][ j ] < lowGrade ) { lowGrade = grades[ i ][ j ]; } /* end if */ } /* end inner for */ } /* end outer for */

90

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fig06_22.c

(3 of 6 )

63 64 return lowGrade; /* return minimum grade */ 65 66 } /* end function minimum */ 67

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68 /* Find the maximum grade */ 69 int maximum( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests ) 70 { 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 int i; /* student counter */ int j; /* exam counter */ int highGrade = 0; /* initialize to lowest possible grade */ /* loop through rows of grades */ for ( i = 0; i < pupils; i++ ) { /* loop through columns of grades */ for ( j = 0; j < tests; j++ ) { if ( grades[ i ][ j ] > highGrade ) { highGrade = grades[ i ][ j ]; } /* end if */ } /* end inner for */ } /* end outer for */

91

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fig06_22.c

(4 of 6 )

88 89 return highGrade; /* return maximum grade */ 90 91 } /* end function maximum */ 92

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93 /* Determine the average grade for a particular student */ 94 double average( const int setOfGrades[], int tests ) 95 { 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 return ( double ) total / tests; /* average */ 105 106 } /* end function average */ 107 108 /* Print the array */ 109 void printArray( const int grades[][ EXAMS ], int pupils, int tests ) 110 { 111 int i; /* student counter */ 112 int j; /* exam counter */ 113 114 115 116 /* output column heads */ printf( " [0] [1] [2] [3]" ); /* total all grades for one student */ for ( i = 0; i < tests; i++ ) { total += setOfGrades[ i ]; } /* end for */ int i; /* exam counter */ int total = 0; /* sum of test grades */

92

Outline

fig06_22.c

(5 of 6 )

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117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128

/* output grades in tabular format */ for ( i = 0; i < pupils; i++ ) { /* output label for row */ printf( "\nstudentGrades[%d] ", i ); /* output grades for one student */ for ( j = 0; j < tests; j++ ) { printf( "%-5d", grades[ i ][ j ] ); } /* end inner for */ } /* end outer for */

93

Outline

fig06_22.c

(6 of 6 )

129 130 } /* end function printArray */ The array is: [0] studentGrades[0] 77 studentGrades[1] 96 studentGrades[2] 70 [1] 68 87 90 [2] 86 89 86 [3] 73 78 81

Lowest grade: 68 Highest grade: 96 The average grade for student 0 is 76.00 The average grade for student 1 is 87.50 The average grade for student 2 is 81.75

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