CHAPTER 2
2.1 MATTER
Most of the things that we could see in this world are MATTER
What is matter?
Matter means: - anything that occupies space & has mass - made up of tiny & discrete particles - Exist as element @ compound
Next
A pure substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substance physically & chemically
Matter
Usually made up of two or more elements which are chemically bonded together
Matter
1. Matter are made up of tiny & discrete particles 2. Size of particles are very minute ~~ 1x 10-7cm
3. Consist of atoms, molecules ions
Next
Lets see the particles in bromine liquid
Particle theory
The smallest particle of an element and not breakable anymore. Examples:
Atom of hydrogen atom of magnesium atom of oxygen atom of chlorine
O
Cl
Particle theory
Mg
A group of two @ more atoms, which might consist of: one type of element (Element) @ different types of element (Compound)
Examples of element molecules:
Molecule of hydrogen gas Molecule of oxygen gas Molecule of chlorine gas
Examples of compound molecules: Molecule of water, H2O
N
Molecule of ammonia, NH3 Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH
C
Particle theory
Ions are atoms which have charge
+ Positively-charged ion /cation (loss e-)
Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)
Examples of ions:
Hydrogen atom
H
Lose electron
H+
Hydrogen ion
Magnesium atom
Mg
Lose electron
Magnesium ion
Mg2+
Oxygen atom
Chlorine atom
O Cl
Gain electron
Oxide ion O2
-
Gain electron
Cl
-
Chlorine ion
Particle theory Symbol of element
Kinetic means motion (move) Kinetic theory states that: 1. Matter consist of particles which constantly moving
2. particles move in random motion , collide with each other
A. substance is cooled, - particles lose kinetic energy - move slower
B. substance is heated, - particles gain kinetic energy - move faster
Heat energy makes particles move faster!!!
Experiment which supports the kinetic theory:
Investigating the diffusion of particles in a solid, liquid and gas
What is diffusion ?
How diffusion supports the kinetic theory ?
Diffusion happens anyway that different concentration of particles
Diffusion affected by Density
The conclusion is.
Diffusion happens in solid, liquid, and gas states Diffusion occurs slowest in solid, faster in liquid and fastest in gas Diffusion occurs faster in subtance with lower density Diffusion supports kinetic energy
The Physical States of Matter
Solid Gas
Liquid
The Arrangement of Particles
The Shape & Volume of Particles
The Movement & Energy Content of Particles
The Attraction Force between Particles
The Physical Changes of Matter
Melting
Solid
Sublimation
Sublimation
Freezing
Boiling
Liquid Gas
Condensation
Determine the Melting Point of Naphthalene
Melting point the temperature which a solid becomes liquid
Diagram of heating naphthalene
Solid naphthalene
Water
Q1-Q4
Q5-Q7
Heating curve of naphthalene
Temperature / C
79C
A
Time / minute
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
What is the Melting point? A: 79C
What is the physical state at B-C? A: solid and liquid
Where is point that Melting process started? A: B Where is point that Melting process ended? A: C
graph
apparatus
Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C? A: because the heat energy absorbed by naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces of attraction to becomes liquid
Why solid naphthalene heated in water ? A: to ensure a uniform heating If the melting point of Substance X is 123C, can we still use water as medium? Why? A: No. Because its melting point is higher than the boiling point of water. We can use oil bath to replace water. graph apparatus
Physical changes
Determine the Freezing Point of Naphthalene Freezing point the temperature which a solution becomes solid
Cooling curve of naphthalene
Temperature / C
E
79C
H
Time / minute
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Is the freezing point same with the Melting point? A: Yes, both are 79C
What is the physical state change in this experiment? A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid Where is the point that freezing process started? A: F
Where is the point that freezing process ended? A: G
Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G? A: because the heat energy released during formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to surroundings Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled inside a conical flask? A: to ensure a uniform cooling
Different solution has different boiling point & freezing point
Diagram of cooling naphthalene
Liquid naphthalene
Empty conical flask
Q1-Q4
Q5-Q7
2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The Historical Development Of Atomic Models
John Dalton imagine atom as a indivisible tiny ball J.J. Thomson discovered electrons Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, mass of atom concentrated in nucleus Neils Bohr proposed the electrons move in shells around the nucleus James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Neutron
Proton
Electron
Nucleus of atom
Electron shells
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
e-
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
e-
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
n 0
e-
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge
p +1
n 0
e-1
Relative Mass
Location
1/1240 0
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge Relative Mass
p +1 1
n 0 1
e-1 1/1240 0
Location
in the nucleus atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol Electric Charge Relative Mass
p +1 1
n 0 1
e-1 1/1240 0
Location
in the nucleus atom
in the nucleus atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol
Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
p
+1 1 in the nucleus atom
n
0 1 in the nucleus atom
e-1 1/1240 0 Electron shells which around the nucleus atom
Symbol of Element
Nucleon number
40
Proton number
Ca 20
Symbol of element
-When an atom is neutral , ( its number of proton = e- number of protons = 20 so number of elecrons = 20 - 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2 valence electron = 2
1.refer
ions)
3.Next
Electron Configuration
Also known as electron arrangement
How electrons fill into the shells?
Hydrogen Proton number
H 1
Helium Proton number
He 2
1 Lithium Proton number Li 3
2 Beryllium Proton number Be 4
2.1
2.2
Boron proton number
B 5
Carbon Proton number
C 6
2.3
2.4
Nitrogen Proton number
N 7
Oxygen Proton number
O 8
2.5
2.6
Fluorine Proton number
F 9
Neon Proton number
Ne 10
2.7
2.8
Sodium Proton number
Na 11
Magnesium Proton number
Mg 12
2.8.1
2.8.2
Aluminium Proton number
Al 13
Silicon Proton number
Si 14
2.8.3
2.8.4
Phosphorus Proton number
P 15
Sulphur Proton number
S 16
2.8.5
2.8.6
Chlorine Proton number
Cl 17
Argon Proton number
Ar 18
2.8.7 Potassium Proton number K 19
2.8.8 Calcium Proton number Ca 20
2.8.8.1
2.8.8.2
Conclusion: 1st Shell: max 2 e2nd Shell: max 8 e3rd Shell: max 8 e-
ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM
2 ELECTRONS 8 ELECTRONS
NUCLEUS
8 ELECTRONS
1 2 3 4
18 ELECTRONS
Electron arrangement in the carbon atom
12 6
proton number = 6
number of protons = 6
number of electrons = 6
= electron
nucleus
2.4
Number of valence electrons = 4
23
11
Na
= electron Nucleus
number of protons = 11 proton number = 11
number of electrons = 11
Number of valence electrons = 1
2.8.1
Symbol of element
Try to draw out the electron arrangement in shells
Draw & state the electron arrangement of the elements below
15 7
24
12
39 19
Let us learn some chemical words !!
Proton number (p) number of protons in the nucleus of atom Nucleon number (p+n) total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of atom
3. Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell 4. Electron configuration arrangement of electron
Repeat them !!
Proton number number of protons in the nucleus of atom Nucleon number total number of protons and nucleons in the nucleus of atom Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell Electron configuration arrangement of electron
Try this out!!!
Q1
Elements
Fill in the blanks
Proton Number 3 Nucleon Number 7 Number of Neutrons
B C D E F
6 16 17
12 19
10
40
16 18 20
Q1
Elements Proton Number 3
Answers
Nucleon Number 7 Number of Neutrons 4
B C D E F
6 9 16 17 20
12 19 32 35 40
6 10 16 18 20
Q2
Elements Number of Neutron
Fill in the blanks
Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration
A B
5 8 14 20
9 2.6
C D E F
19
32 40 16
2.7 2.8.3
Q2
Elements Number of Neutron
Answers
Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration
A B
5 8
9 16
4 8
2.2 2.6
C D E F
10 14 16 20
19 27 32 40
9 13 16 20
2.7 2.8.3 2.8.6 2.8.8.2
2.3 ISOTOPES
What is isotopes?
Isotopes is just like twins, same genetic but different of DNA
atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Examples of Isotopes
Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table Hydrogen :
1 1
2 1
3 1
Graphite :
Oxygen :
12 6 16 8
13
6
C
O
14 6
C O
17 8
18 8
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen :
1 1
H
2 1
3 1
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron No of ee- configuration Valence e16
17
18 8
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
8
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
8
O
8
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16
O
16
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16
16
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16
16
16
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6
16
16
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
16
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6
16 2.8.6
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6
Properties of isotopes
Oxygen Isotopes
No of proton No of neutron
16
17
18 8
O
16 17
O
16 18
16 16
No of ee- configuration Valence e-
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
16 2.8.6 6
Conclusion:
Number of valence electron are same The chemical properties also same The physical properties might be same, might be different
Try this out!!!
Q3. Answer the structure questions
Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number
P Q R S T U
3 9 16 15 16 18
7 19 32 31 33 40
a) A: b) A: c) A: d) A: e) A:
What means proton number? The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom What means nucleon number? The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus of an atom Write the electron arrangement for element Q. 2.7 How many valence electrons that element Q has? 7 How many electron shells that element Q has? two
f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain. A: R & T. Because they have same proton number but different nucleon number g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why? Uthey have same valence electron A: Yes. Because h) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there in atom S? A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons
40 18
i) Write the symbol to represent atom U. A: 40
18
