Borne Shell

Background

Early Unix shell that was written by Steve Bourne of AT&T Bell Lab. Basic shell provided with many commercial versions of UNIX Many system shell scripts are written to run under Bourne Shell A long and successful history

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Bourne Shell Programming

Control structures

if then for in while until case

break and continue

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if then
Structure
if test-command then

commands

fi Example: if test $word1 = $word2 then echo Match fi

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test
Command test is a built-in command

Syntax

Argument Expression contains one or more criteria

The test command evaluate an expression Returns a condition code indicating that the expression is either true (0) or false (not 0)

test expression [ expression ]

Separate each element with a SPACE

Logical AND operator to separate two criteria: -a Logical OR operator to separate two criteria: -o Negate any criterion: ! Group criteria with parentheses
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Test Criteria
Test Operator for integers: int1 relop int2
Relop -gt -ge -eq -ne -le -lt Description Greater than Greater than or equal to Equal to Not euqal to Less than or equal to Less than

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Exercise
Create a shell script to check there is at

least one parameter

Something like this:

if test $# -eq 0 then echo you must supply at least one arguments exit 1 fi

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 The test built-in options for files

Option Test Performed on file
-d filename -f filename -r filename -s filename Exists and is a directory file Exists and is a regular file Exists and it readable Exists and has a length greater than 0

Test Criteria

-u filename
-w filename -x filename

Exists and has setuid bit set

Exists and it writable Exists and it is executable

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Exercise
Check weather or not the parameter is a

non-zero readable file name

Continue with the previous script and add something like

if [ -r $filename a s $filename ] then fi

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Test Criteria
String testing
Criteria String -n string -z string String1 = string2 String1 != string2 meaning True if string is not the null string True if string has a length greater than zero True if string has a length of zero True if string1 is equal to string2 True if string1 is not equal to string2

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Exercise
Check users confirmation
Frist,

read user input

echo -n Please confirm: [Yes | No] read user_input

Then, compare it with standard answer yes

if [ $user_input = Yes ] then echo Thanks for your confirmation! fi

What will happen if no around $user_input and user just typed return?
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ifthenelse
Structure
if test-command then
else

commands commands

fi

You can use semicolon (;) ends a command the same way a NEWLINE does.
if [ ]; then fi if [ 5 = 5 ]; then echo "equal"; fi
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ifthenelif
Structure
if test-command then

commands elif test-command

then

. . .
fi

commands

else

commands

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Debugging Shell Scripts

Display each command before it runs the command Set the x option for the current shell
$set x

Use the x to invoke the script

$sh x command arguments

Add the set command at the top of the script

set x

Then each command that the script executes is

preceded by a plus sign (+)

Distinguish the output of trace from any output that the script produces

Turn off the debug with set +x

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for in
Structure
for loop-index in argument_list do
done

commands

Example: for file in * do if [ -d $file ]; then echo $file fi done

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for
Structure
for loop-index do
done

commands

Automatically takes on the value of each of command line arguments, one at a time. Which implies
for arg in $@

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while
Structure
while test_command do

commands

done Example: while [ $number lt 10 ] do number=`expr $number + 1` done

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until
Structure
until test_command do
done

commands

Example: secretname=jenny name=noname until [ $name = $secretname ] do echo Your guess: \c read name done
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break and continue

Interrupt for, while or until loop

The break statement transfer control to the statement AFTER the done statement terminate execution of the loop

The continue statement Transfer control to the statement TO the done statement Skip the test statements for the current iteration Continues execution of the loop
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Example:
for index in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 do if [ $index le 3 ]; then echo continue continue fi echo $index if [ $index ge 8 ]; then echo break break fi done
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case
Structure
case test_string in pattern-1 )

commands_1
;;

pattern-2 ) commands_2
esac ;;

default case: catch all pattern

*)

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case
Special characters used in patterns
Pattern * ? [] | Matches Matches any string of characters. Matches any single character. Defines a character class. A hyphen specifies a range of characters Separates alternative choices that satisfy a particular branch of the case structure

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Example
#!/bin/sh echo \n Command MENU\n echo a. Current data and time echo b. Users currently logged in echo c. Name of the working directory\n echo Enter a,b, or c: \c read answer echo case $answer in a) date ;; b) who ;; c) pwd ;; *) echo There is no selection: $answer ;; esac

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echo and read

The backslash quoted characters in echo \c suppress the new line \n new line \r return \t tab Read read variable1 [variable2 ]

Read one line of standard input Assign each word to the corresponding variable, with the leftover words assigned to last variables If only one variable is specified, the entire line will be assigned to that variable.
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Example: bundle
#!/bin/sh #bundle: group files into distribution package echo "# To Uble, sh this file" for i do echo "echo $i" echo "cat >$i <<'END of $i' " cat $i echo "END of $i" done
Will this program work for sure?
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Built-in: exec
Execute a command:
Syntax:

exec command argument Run a command without creating a new process

Quick start Run a command in the environment of the original process Exec does not return control to the original program Exec can be the used only with the last command that you want to run in a script Example, run the following command in your current shell, what will happen? $exec who
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Built-in: exec
Redirect standard output, input or error of

a shell script from within the script

exec < infile exec > outfile 2> errfile

Example:

sh-2.05b$ more redirect.sh exec > /dev/tty echo "this is a test of redirection" sh-2.05b$ ./redirect.sh 1 > /dev/null 2 >& 1 this is a test of redirection
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Catch a signal: builtin trap

Built-in trap Syntax: trap commands signal-numbers Shell executes the commands when it catches one of the signals Then resumes executing the script where it left off.
Often used to clean up temp files Signals
SIGHUP SIGINT SIGKILL SIGTERM SIGSTP 1 2 9 15 24 Just capture the signal, not doing anything with it trap signal_number

disconnect line control-c kill with -9 default kill control-z

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Example
[ruihong@dafinn ~/cs3451]$ more inter #!/bin/sh trap 'echo PROGRAM INTERRUPTED' 2 while true do echo "programming running." sleep 1 done

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A partial list of built-in

bg, fg, jobs
break, continue
cd, pwd echo, read eval exec exit export, unset test

job control change the loop working directory display/read scan and evaluate the command execute a program exit from current shell export/ remove a val or fun compare arguments

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A partial list of builtin

kill

set
shift times trap type umask wait ulimit

sends a signal to a process or job sets flag or argument promotes each command line argument displays total times for the current shell and traps a signal show whether unix command, build-in, function file creation mask waits for a process to terminate. print the value of one or more resource limits

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functions
A shell function is similar to a shell script It stores a series of commands for execution at a later time. The shell stores functions in the memory Shell executes a shell function in the same shell that called it. Where to define In .profile In your script Or in command line Remove a function Use unset built-in
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functions
Syntax

function_name() { commands } Example:

sh-2.05b$ whoson() >{ > date > echo "users currently logged on" > who >} sh-2.05b$ whoson Tue Feb 1 23:28:44 EST 2005 users currently logged on ruihong :0 Jan 31 08:46 ruihong pts/1 Jan 31 08:54 (:0.0) ruihong pts/2 Jan 31 09:02 (:0.0)

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Example
sh-2.05b$ more .profile setenv() { if [ $# -eq 2 ] then eval $1=$2 export $1 else echo "usage: setenv NAME VALUE" 1>&2 fi } sh-2.05b$. .profile sh-2.05b$ setenv T_LIBRARY /usr/local/t sh-2.05b$ echo $T_LIBRARY /usr/local/t
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Exercise
Lets look at some system scripts
/etc/init.d/syslog

/etc/init.d/crond

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Summary
Shell is a programming language

Programs written in this language are

called shell scripts.

Variable Built-in Control structure Function Call utilities outside of shell

find, grep, awk

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