TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CAUSES OF FAILURE
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM
OPERATION
DESIGN MANUFACTURE MATERIALS MAINTENANCE
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SYSTEM CAUSES OF FAILURE
OVERVOLTAGES FAST TRANSIENTS LOAD REJECTION BACKFEEDING SHORTCIRCUITS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OPERATIONAL CAUSES OF FAILURE
LOAD DUTY OVERLOADING SWITCHING OPERATIONS OUT-OF-PHASE SYNCHRONISATION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
BASIC PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED EARTHFAULT
OVERFLUXING
OVERCURRENT & EARTHFAULT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
WORKS ON MERZ-PRICE CURRENT COMPARISON PRINCIPLE RELAYS WITH BIAS CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD ONLY BE USED RELAY SHOULD BE STABLE DURING MAG-INRUSH & OVERFLUXING CONDITIONS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
WHY BIAS CHARACTERISTIC ?
100 / 1
1A
100/50 KV
200 / 1 1A LOAD = 200 A
0A
OLTC SETTING IS AT MIDTAP
0.9 A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 1A
LOAD = 200 A
0.1 A
OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS
9A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 10 A
2000 A
1A
OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A SO THE RELAY OPERATES
9A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 10 A B O B 1A
2000 A
MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30% IS 30% OF ((10+9)/2), THAT IS, 2.85 A
BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 1 A, SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS
100 / 1 9A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100/50 KV 200 / 1 0A B O 2000 A B 9A
MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30% IS 30% OF ((0+9)/2), THAT IS, 1.35 A
BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 9 A, SO THE RELAY OPERATES
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
MAGNETISING INRUSH
TRANSIENT CONDITION - OCCURS WHEN A TRANSFORMER IS ENERGISED
NORMAL OPERATING FLUX OF A TRANSFORMER IS CLOSE TO SATURATION LEVEL
RESIDUAL FLUX CAN INCREASE THE MAG-CURRENT IN THE CASE OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER, THE POINT-ON-WAVE AT SWITCH-ON DIFFERS FOR EACH PHASE AND HENCE, ALSO THE INRUSH CURRENTS
+ m - m
V
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION INRUSH CURRENT
Im
STEADY STATE
+ m - m
Im V
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION INRUSH CURRENT
Im
STEADY STATE
2 m
V
SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
MAGNETISING INRUSH
IF SYMMETRICAL WAVE -- ONLY ODD HARMONICS
- 3RD AT LOW SATURATION LEVELS - HIGHER HARMONICS AT HEAVY SATURATION
IF OFFSET WAVE -- MAX. INRUSH; 2ND & 3RD HARMONICS INITIAL INRUSH LIMITED BY AIR CORE INDUCTANCE INITIAL DECAY RATE HIGH -- REDUCES AS IRON COMES OUT OF SATURATION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TYPICAL DECAY TIMES FOR MAG INRUSH
MVA RATING NO. OF CYCLES TO REACH 50% OF FIRST PEAK
8 TO 10 10 TO 60 60 TO 600
0.5 -- 1.0 1.0 -- 10 > 10
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION OVERFLUXING CONDITION
DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT SHOULD BE BLOCKED FOR TRANSIENT OVERFLUXING-+
25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION
OVERFLUXING WAVEFORM CONTAINS VERY HIGH 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT
43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION
FAST OPERATION ADJUSTABLE CHARACTERISTIC HIGH THROUGH FAULT STABILITY CT RATIO COMPENSATION MAGNETISING INRUSH RESTRAINT OVERFLUXING 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DDT 12/32
FOR TRANSFORMERS UPTO 5 MVA INDUCTION DISC TYPE BIAS 20,30,40% PICKUP CURRENT 40-100% TIME DELAYED
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION DTH 31/32
FOR TRANSFORMERS ABOVE 5 MVA STATIC HIGH SPEED WITH 2ND & 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT
BIAS 15%, 30%, 45%
PICKUP CURRENT 15%
UNBIASED HIGHSET
OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT
LOWSET WITH HAR. RESTRAINT
0 10 20 30 40 FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT
LOWSET WITH HAR. RESTRAINT
INST. HIGHSET ELEMENT
0 10 20 30 40 FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
MBCH
BIASED DIFF. RELAY MANY NOVEL FEATURES MBCH 12 FOR 2 WNDG TFRS MBCH 13 FOR 3 WNDG TFRS MBCH 16 FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TYPICAL MAG INRUSH WAVEFORMS
A
B C
1/3 Cycle minimum
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
COMPARITIVE CHARACTERISTICS (WITHOUT HIGHSET)
OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) RELAY WITH HAR. RESTRAINT 4
2
MBCH 0 10 20 30 40
FAULT CURRENT (XIn)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
3
ROLE OF BIAS
Differential current (x In) = I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4
Operate
1 Setting range (0.1 - 0.5) 0 1 2
Restrain
4
Effective bias (x In) = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 2
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION
I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE TO THRO FAULT
I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR
NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE TO THRO FAULT INTERNAL FAULT
I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION USE OF ICT
Dy1(-30 )
Interposing CT provides
Vector correction
Yd11(+30 )
Ratio correction Zero sequence compensation
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
VECTOR GROUP CORRECTION
Dy1 (-30 )
Yy0 0
87
Yd11 +30
Yy0, Yd1, Yd5 , Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0 0 , -30 , -150 , 180,+150, +30 , 0
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SELECTION OF SUITABLE VECTOR CORRECTION FACTOR
Dy11 (+30 )
Yy0 0
87
Yd1 -30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION
33kV : 11kV 10 MVA IL = 175A
200/1
I L = 525A
400/1
0.875A 1A 1.14 1A 0.76
1.31 Amps
87
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION
+VE SEQUENCE CURRENTS BALANCE REQUIRE ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT TRAPS FOR STABILITY
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION HIGH IMPEDANCE REF
Increased sensitivity for earth faults REF elements for each transformer winding CTs may be shared with differential element
64
64
64
1.0 Current (x full load)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
LIMITATION OF E/F CURRENT
IF IS R Source IS R
IF
0.2
1.0 0.2 Fault position from neutral
Differential relay setting
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
% of Star winding protected
58% 41% 28% 17% 7%
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
R CAG14
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
Delta winding
R CAG14
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
Delta winding
R CAG14
3 Phase 4 wire
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS
3 Phase 3 wire
Delta winding
R CAG14 Alt 3 phase 4 wire V
3 Phase 4 wire
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
REF CASE I : NORMAL CONDITION
P1 P2
P2 P1
64
UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS NO CURRENT FLOWS THRO RELAY
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
REF CASE II : EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT
P1 P2
P2 P1
64
FOR AN EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT, THE CURRENT CIRCULATES BETWEEN THE PHASE & NEUTRAL CTs; NO CURRENT THRO THE RELAY
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
REF CASE III : INTERNAL EARTH FAULT
P1 P2
P2 P1
64
FOR AN INTERNAL EARTH FAULT THE UNBALANCED CURRENT FLOWS THRO THE RELAY
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. PROT. FOR AUTO TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OVERFLUXING -- BASIC THEORY V = kf
Causes Low frequency High voltage Geomagnetic disturbances 2m
m
Ie
Effects Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing) Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OVERFLUXING PROTECTION
V K f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
BACKUP PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS
INFLUENCING FACTORS : VECTOR CONFIGURATION TYPE OF EARTHING INFEED CONDITIONS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
STAR -- DELTA UNGROUNDED
~
CAG 37 50
CDG 31 51 64 67 N CDD 21 VDG 14
LOAD
51 CDG 31
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION WHERE DO WE NEED 3 O/C ?
2:1:1 DISTRIBUTION FOR PH--PH FAULT IF MIN. F.C > 4 X FULL LOAD, THEN 2 O/C CAN BE USED
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
UNRESTRICTED E/F PROTECTION
3 x 51 51N
PROVIDES BACKUP PROTECTION FOR SYSTEM TIME DELAY REQUIRED FOR COORDINATION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
STAR -- STAR INTERCONNECTED
CAG 17 50
50 CAG 17 67 CDD 21 67 N CDD 21
CDD 21
67
67 N
CDD 21
H.S CAN BE APPLIED ON BOTH SIDES
DIREC. O/C & E/F RELAYS ARE PREFERRED
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
RATING OF A TFR IS BASED ON THE ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE AN ASSUMED MAX. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE SHORT PERIODS OF OVERLOAD ARE PERMISSIBLE TO AN EXTENT DEPENDING ON PREVIOUS LOADING
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
(CONTD..)
SUSTAINED EXCESSIVE OVERLOAD LEADS TO DETERIORATION OF INSULATION TEMP. OF 98*C GIVES NORMAL LIFE SPAN OF 20-30 YRS
LIFE SPAN IS HALVED FOR EVERY 6*C TEMP. INCREASE
PROTECTION -- DEFINITE TIME DELAYED O/C
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TYPICAL PROTECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER
51
64 51N ICT
51
50N
87
50
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <
DDT
DTH
2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In
MBCH
CAG 14
24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <
DDT
DTH
2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In
MBCH
CAG 14
24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <
DDT
DTH
2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In
MBCH
CAG 14
24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <
DDT
DTH
2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In
MBCH
CAG 14
24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )
@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS
ELEMENT INST. CLASS 5 P10 OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO DRIVE 2 X ISET
IDMT
5 P 10
TO DRIVE 10 X ISET
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS
ELEMENT INST. CLASS 5 P10 OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO DRIVE 2 X ISET
IDMT
5 P 10
TO DRIVE 10 X ISET
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SETTING CRITERIA
BIASED DIFF.
CURRENT PICKUP IS SET JUST ABOVE THE STANDING UNBALANCE CURRENT DUE TO OLTC, CT MISMATCH AND ERRORS BIAS SLOPE SHOULD TAKE CARE OF SATURATION DUE TO HEAVY THRO FAULT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. & REF
LOWEST POSSIBLE SETTING STAB. RESISTOR = IF (RCT + 2RL)/Is - (VA BURDEN)/ Is2 WHERE IF = RCT = RL = Is = MAX. FAULT CURRENT CT SECONDARY RESISTANCE ONE-WAY LEAD RESISTANCE SETTING CURRENT
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)
OVERFLUXING
RELAY CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD MATCH THE TFR WITHSTAND
O/C & E/F
TO BE CO-ORDINATED WITH DOWNSTREAM RELAYS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT SETTING
IF
RELAY SETTING > IF AND MAG INRUSH PICKUP = 1.3 X MVA / ( 1.732 X KV X pu IMP.)
THANK YOU
50
51
24
87 64
67 67N
99
WORLD LEADER IN PROTECTION & CONTROL
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