Chapter 1 Tutorials Using drawing tools & applied geometry
Preparation of Tools
Contents
Tools to be prepared
1. Paper 2. Pencils
Fastening a sheet to a drafting board
Sharpening the lead Sharpening the lead
3. Compass
Paper
1. Place a paper close to the left edge of a table where a drafter can work conveniently.
2. Place a T-square. 3. Move the paper until its lower edge lies close to the top edge of a T-square. 4. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade. 5. Attach the papers corners with tape. 6. Move T-square down to smooth the paper. 7. Attach the remaining papers corners with tape.
Pencil
1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a lead
about 8-10 mm. 2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a sandpaper.
3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.
Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper. 2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of the needle extends slightly more than the lead.
needle
lead
Using the Tools
Contents
Function of the tools
Tools 1. T-square
Shape to be drawn Straight line
2. Triangles
T-square and triangles can be used together to draw an inclined line with 15o increment, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o, 60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180o etc.
3. Compass
Arc, Circle 4. Circle template
Using a compass
1. Locate the center of the circle to be drawn. Draw two intersecting lines. 2. Adjust the distance between a needle and a lead to be a radius of the circle. 3. Set the needle point at the circles center.
Using a compass
4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle, holding the compass handle between thumb and index fingers.
5. Complete circle. Revolve the handle clockwise.
Draw a line through the given points
Given Explanations
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the given points. A 2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip. B 3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip until its edge aligns with the second point. 4. Draw a line.
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Draw a horizontal line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table. 2. Smooth the blade to the right.
Draw a horizontal line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper
in the direction of the line and slightly toed in.
4. Rotate the pencil slowly while moving the pencil from left to right.
Draw a horizontal line
5. Move T-square up or down to draw another horizontal line.
Draw a vertical line
1. Set T-square as before.
Place any triangle on T-square edge. 2. Use your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle
in position.
Draw a vertical line
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle. 4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
Draw a line at 30o with horizontal
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at 45o with horizontal
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at 60o with horizontal
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
Draw a line at 15o with horizontal
-30o + 45o = 15o CCW
60o + (-45o) = 15o CCW
Draw a line at 75o with horizontal
30o + 45o = 75o CCW
45o + 30o = 75o CCW
Draw a line at 105o with horizontal
60o + 45o = 105o CCW
45o + 60o = 105o CCW
Practice by Yourself
Arrange the triangles to draw a line at a) 120o b) 135o c) 150o with a horizontal.
Applied Geometry
Bisecting Parallel line
r
Inclined line
Tangent arc
Perpendicular line
Tangent line
Contents
Bisecting a line and an angle
Applied Geometry
Contents
To bisect a given line
Given
A
r1
Explanations
1. Swing two arcs having a radius greater than half-length of the line with the centers at the ends of the line. 2. Join the intersection points of the arcs with a line.
B
r1
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3. Locate the midpoint.
Applied Geometry
To bisect a given angle
Given
A 1. Swing an arc of any radius whose centers at the vertex. 2. Swing the arcs of any radius from the intersection points between the previous arc and the lines. 3. Draw the line.
Explanations
r1 r2 C
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r2
Applied Geometry
Drawing a parallel line
Applied Geometry
Contents
Line parallel to a given line through a given point
Given Explanations
C
1. Line an edge of a triangle up to a given line. 2. Support the triangle with another one. 3. Slide the first triangle until its edge passes through the given point. 4. Draw a line.
play
Applied Geometry
Line parallel to a given line at a given distance
Given
Explanations
1. Choose a convenient point on a given line. r r 2. Use that point as center of an arc with a radius equal to a given distance. 3. Draw a line parallel to a given line and tangent to the arc.
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Applied Geometry
Drawing a perpendicular line
Applied Geometry
Contents
Line perpendicular to a point in a line
Revolve method
Given
Explanations
1. Line an opposite edge of a 45o triangle up to a given line. 2. Support the triangle with another one.
3. Flip the first triangle and slide until its edge passes through the given point.
4. Draw a line.
play
Applied Geometry
Line perpendicular to a point in a line
Adjacent-sides method
Given
Explanations
1. Line an adjacent edge of a 45o triangle up to a given line.
2. Support the triangle with another one. 3. Slide the first triangle until another adjacent edge passes through the given point. 4. Draw a line.
play
Applied Geometry
Line perpendicular to a point in a line
Compass method
Given
Explanations
r2 > r1 r2 D 1. Use a given point as center, draw the arc with any radius. 2. Bisect the distance between the intersection points between an arc and a given line. 3. Draw a line.
r1
+
B
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Applied Geometry
Line perpendicular to a given line through a point outside the line
Adjacent-sides method
Given
Explanations
1. Line an adjacent edge of a 45o triangle up to a given line. 2. Support the triangle with another one.
3. Slide the first triangle until another adjacent edge passes through the given point. 4. Draw a line.
play
Applied Geometry
Line perpendicular to a given line through a point outside the line
Compass method
Explanations
+ C 1. Use a given point as a center, draw the arc with any radius that intersect the given line. 2. Bisect the distance between the intersection points between an arc and a given line. 3. Draw a line.
Given
r2
D
r2
A r1
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B
Applied Geometry
Drawing an inclined line
Applied Geometry
Contents
Line making 15o with a given line through a given point
Given
Given
play
play
Applied Geometry
Line making 30o with a given line through a given point
Given
Given
play
play
Applied Geometry
Line making 75o with a given line through a given point
Given Given
C C
+
play play
Applied Geometry
Drawing a Tangent line to an arc (or a circle)
Applied Geometry
Contents
Tangent line to a given arc (or circle)
Case 1 : A given point lies on an arc
Given
Explanations
1. Line an adjacent edge of a 45o triangle up to the center of an arc and a given given.
C 2. Support the triangle with another one. 3. Slide the first triangle until another adjacent edge passes through the given point.
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4. Draw a line.
Applied Geometry
Tangent line to a given arc (or circle)
Case 2 : A given point lies outside an arc
Given
1st method
Given
2nd method
play
play
Applied Geometry
Drawing a tangent curve to the given lines
Applied Geometry
Contents
Key Concept
To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R), it is necessary to locate 1. its center, C.
It places outside a line for a distance
equal to a radius of an arc.
2. the start and end points (or tangent points) of the arc.
It lies on a given line in the way that the line passing through this point and the center of an arc be perpendicular to a given line. R
Tangent arc to the given lines
Given 1. Locate the center of an arc
R R
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Continue
Applied Geometry
Tangent arc to the given lines
2. Locate the tangent points
TP.1 TP.2
Replay
Applied Geometry
Drawing a tangent curve to the given curves
Applied Geometry
Contents
Key Concept
Tangent point lies on the line passes through the centers
of each arc (or circle).
R3 R2
R1
Tangent arc to a given arcs (or circles)
To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R), it is necessary to locate 1. its center, C. 2. the start and end points (or tangent points) of the arc. Case 1 : External
C
R
R1
Case 2 : Internal
R
R2 R1
R2
C1
C2
C1
C2
R-R1
R-R2
External tangent arc
Given
R + R2
R + R1
R R1 C1+
R2
+ C2
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Applied Geometry
Internal tangent arc (Type 1)
Given
R R2 R1 C1 + + C2 C R R1
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R R2
Applied Geometry
Internal tangent arc (Type 2)
Given
R2 R1 C1+ R C2 +
R R1
C
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R + R2
Applied Geometry
