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For Our Thermodynamics Class, We Assume That Mass Is Conserved (Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Change The Mass of A System Very Small Amount)

This document discusses two fundamental concepts in thermodynamics: 1) Conservation of mass - Mass is assumed to be conserved in thermodynamic systems, with only small changes due to nuclear or chemical reactions. This is applied to an example problem of air flow through a nozzle. 2) Conservation of energy for a control volume - The rate of change of energy within a system must equal the net rate of transfer of energy into the system by mass flow and work. This energy balance equation is written and applied to steady-flow devices like nozzles, turbines, compressors, pumps, heat exchangers, and throttling devices.

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Pravallika Kollipara
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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58 views6 pages

For Our Thermodynamics Class, We Assume That Mass Is Conserved (Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Change The Mass of A System Very Small Amount)

This document discusses two fundamental concepts in thermodynamics: 1) Conservation of mass - Mass is assumed to be conserved in thermodynamic systems, with only small changes due to nuclear or chemical reactions. This is applied to an example problem of air flow through a nozzle. 2) Conservation of energy for a control volume - The rate of change of energy within a system must equal the net rate of transfer of energy into the system by mass flow and work. This energy balance equation is written and applied to steady-flow devices like nozzles, turbines, compressors, pumps, heat exchangers, and throttling devices.

Uploaded by

Pravallika Kollipara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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=
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\
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t time at exit
across out mass of
flow of rate Time
-
t time at inlet the
across in mass of
flow of rate Time

t time at volume control
the within contained mass
of change of rate Time

=
e
e
i
i
cv
m m
dt
dm

Conservation of Mass

For our thermodynamics class, we assume that mass is conserved (nuclear
and chemical reactions change the mass of a system very small amount).

Example

Given: Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m
3
and 30 m/s and leaves at 0.762
kg/m
3
and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm
2
.
Find: a) mass flow rate and b) exit area
Analysis:
W Q
dt
dE

=
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.
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\
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+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
e e e e i i i i
cv
gz V u m gz V u m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1


flow CV
W W W

+ =
i i i e e e CV
v P m v P m W W


+ =
Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume

For a closed system and on a rate basis
Need to account for mass crossing the CV boundaries and carrying internal
energy, potential energy, or kinetic energy.

The rate of work or power is made up of two terms control volume work
(shaft work, boundary work, electrical work) and flow work.

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\
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+ + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
e e e e e e i i i i i i CV
cv
gz V v P u m gz V v P u m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1


|
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\
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+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
e e e e i i i i CV
cv
gz V h m gz V h m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1


|
.
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\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
e
e e e e
i
i i i i CV
cv
gz V h m gz V h m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1


Substitute back into the energy balance equation for a CV

Finally, energy balance for a control volume

=
e
e
i
i
cv
m m
dt
dm

|
.
|

\
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+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
e
e e e e
i
i i i i CV
cv
gz V h m gz V h m W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1


Control Volume Analysis for devices operating at steady-state conditions

Applied to: a) nozzles and diffusers
b) turbines
c) compressors and pumps
d) heat exchangers
e) throttling devices

All of these devices have a few things in common steady-state operation
and one inlet and one exit

Conservation of Mass for CV
Conservation of Energy for CV

Nozzles and Diffusers

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
e e e i i i CV
gz V h m gz V h m W Q
2 2
2
1
2
1
0

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