RAIK 283: Data Structures & Algorithms
Analysis of Algorithms
Dr. Ying Lu [email protected]
August 28, 2012
http://www.cse.unl.edu/~ylu/raik283/
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
RAIK 283: Data Structures & Algorithms
Giving
credit where credit is due:
Most of the lecture notes are based on the slides from the Textbooks companion website http://www.aw-bc.com/info/levitin Several slides are from Jeff Edmonds of the York University I have modified them and added new slides
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
The Time Complexity of an Algorithm
The Time Complexity of an Algorithm
Specifies how the running time depends on the size of the input
Purpose
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Purpose
To estimate how long a program will run. To estimate the largest input that can reasonably be given to the program. To compare the efficiency of different algorithms. To help focus on the parts of code that are executed the largest number of times. To choose an algorithm for an application.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Purpose (Example)
Suppose a machine that performs a million floatingpoint operations per second (106 FLOPS), then how long an algorithm will run for an input of size n=50?
1) If the algorithm requires n2 such operations:
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Purpose (Example)
Suppose a machine that performs a million floatingpoint operations per second (106 FLOPS), then how long an algorithm will run for an input of size n=50?
1) If the algorithm requires n2 such operations:
0.0025 second
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Purpose (Example)
Suppose a machine that performs a million floatingpoint operations per second (106 FLOPS), then how long an algorithm will run for an input of size n=50?
1) If the algorithm requires n2 such operations:
0.0025 second 2) If the algorithm requires 2n such operations:
A) Takes a similar amount of time (t < 1 sec) B) Takes a little bit longer time (1 sec < t < 1 year) C) Takes a much longer time (1 year < t)
Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Purpose (Example)
Suppose a machine that performs a million floatingpoint operations per second (106 FLOPS), then how long an algorithm will run for an input of size n=50?
1) If the algorithm requires n2 such operations:
0.0025 second 2) If the algorithm requires 2n such operations: over 35 years!
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Time Complexity Is a Function
Specifies how the running time depends on the size of the input. A function mapping size of input
time T(n) executed .
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Definition of Time?
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Definition of Time
# of seconds (machine, implementation dependent). # lines of code executed. # of times a specific operation is performed addition). (e.g.,
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Theoretical analysis of time efficiency
Time efficiency is analyzed by determining the number of repetitions of the basic operation as a function of input size
Basic operation: the operation that contributes most towards the running time of the algorithm.
input size
T(n) copC(n)
running time execution time for basic operation Number of times basic operation is executed
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Input size and basic operation examples
Problem
Search for key in a list of n items Multiply two matrices of floating point numbers Compute an
Input size measure
Basic operation
Graph problem
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Input size and basic operation examples
Problem Input size measure Basic operation
Key comparison
Search for key in a list of Number of items in the n items list: n Multiply two matrices of floating point numbers Compute an
Graph problem
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Input size and basic operation examples
Problem Input size measure Basic operation
Key comparison
Search for key in a list of Number of items in the n items list: n Multiply two matrices of Dimensions of matrices floating point numbers Compute an
Floating point multiplication
Graph problem
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Input size and basic operation examples
Problem Input size measure Basic operation
Search for key in list of n Number of items in list n Key comparison items Multiply two matrices of Dimensions of matrices floating point numbers Compute an Floating point multiplication
Floating point multiplication
Graph problem
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Input size and basic operation examples
Problem Input size measure Basic operation
Search for key in list of n Number of items in list n Key comparison items Multiply two matrices of Dimensions of matrices floating point numbers Compute an Floating point multiplication
Floating point multiplication
Visiting a vertex or traversing an edge
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Graph problem
#vertices and/or edges
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Theoretical analysis of time efficiency
Time efficiency is analyzed by determining the number of repetitions of the basic operation as a function of input size
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Which Input of size n?
Efficiency also depends on the particular input
For
instance: search a key in a list of n letters
Problem input: a list of n letters How many different inputs?
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Which Input of size n?
Efficiency also depends on the particular input
For instance: search a key in a list of n letters There are 26n inputs of size n. Which do we consider for the time efficiency C(n)?
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Best-case, average-case, worst-case
Worst case: Best case:
W(n) maximum over inputs of size n B(n) minimum over inputs of size n
Average case: A(n) average over inputs of size n
NOT the average of worst and best case Under some assumption about the probability distribution of all possible inputs of size n, calculate the weighted sum of expected C(n) (numbers of basic operation repetitions) over all possible inputs of size n.
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Example: Sequential search
Problem: Given a list of n elements and a search key K, find an element equal to K, if any. Algorithm: Scan the list and compare its successive elements with K until either a matching element is found (successful search) or the list is exhausted (unsuccessful search) Worst case
Best case
Average case
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An example
Compute gcd(m, n) by applying the algorithm based on checking consecutive integers from min(m, n) down to gcd(m, n) Input size? Best case? Worst case? Average case?
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Types of formulas for basic operation count
Exact formula e.g., C(n) = n(n-1)/2 Formula indicating order of growth with specific multiplicative constant e.g., C(n) 0.5 n2 Formula indicating order of growth with unknown multiplicative constant e.g., C(n) cn2
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Types of formulas for basic operation count
Exact formula e.g., C(n) = n(n-1)/2 Formula indicating order of growth with specific multiplicative constant e.g., C(n) 0.5 n2 Formula indicating order of growth with unknown multiplicative constant e.g., C(n) cn2 Most important: Order of growth within a constant multiple as n
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Asymptotic growth rate
A way of comparing functions that ignores constant factors and small input sizes O(g(n)): (g(n)): (g(n)):
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Asymptotic growth rate
A way of comparing functions that ignores constant factors and small input sizes O(g(n)): class of functions f(n) that grow no faster than g(n) (g(n)): class of functions f(n) that grow at same rate as g(n) (g(n)): class of functions f(n) that grow at least as fast as g(n)
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Table 2.1
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Classifying Functions
Giving an idea of how fast a function grows without going into too much detail.
Which are more alike?
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Which are more alike?
Mammals
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Which are more alike?
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Which are more alike?
Dogs
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Classifying Animals
Vertebrates Fish Birds
Mammals Dogs
Giraffe
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Reptiles
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Which are more alike?
n1000
n2
2n
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Which are more alike?
n1000
n2
Polynomials
2n
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Which are more alike?
1000n2
3n2
2n3
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Which are more alike?
1000n2
Quadratic
3n2
2n3
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Classifying Functions?
Functions
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Classifying Functions
Functions
Constant
Poly Logarithmic
(log n)5
Exponential
5 log n
Logarithmic
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Polynomial
n5
Factorial
n!
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25n
Classifying Functions?
Polynomial
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Classifying Functions
Polynomial Linear
5n
5n2
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Quadratic
5n3
Cubic
5n4
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Logarithmic
log10n
= # digits to write n log2n = # bits to write n = 3.32 log10n log(n1000) = 1000 log(n)
Differ only by a multiplicative constant
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Poly Logarithmic
(log n)5 = log5 n
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Which grows faster?
log1000 n
n0.001
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Poly Logarithmic << Polynomial
log1000 n << n0.001
For sufficiently large n
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Which grows faster?
10000 n
0.0001 n2
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Linear << Quadratic
10000 n << 0.0001 n2
For sufficiently large n
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Which grows faster?
n1000
20.001 n
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Polynomial << Exponential
n1000 << 20.001 n
For sufficiently large n
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Ordering Functions
Functions
5 << 5 log n << (log n)5 << n5
Constant
Poly Logarithmic
Exponential
Logarithmic
Polynomial
Factorial
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
25n <<
n!
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms Chapter 2.1
Which Functions are Constant?
5 1,000,000,000,000 0.0000000000001 -5 0 8 + sin(n)
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Which Functions are Constant?
Yes 5 Yes 1,000,000,000,000 Yes 0.0000000000001 Yes -5 Yes 0 No 8 + sin(n)
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Which Functions are Constant?
The running time of the algorithm is a Constant if it does not depend significantly on the size of the input. 5 1,000,000,000,000 0.0000000000001 -5 0 8 + sin(n)
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Which Functions are Constant?
The running time of the algorithm is a Constant It does not depend significantly on the size of the input. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 5 1,000,000,000,000 9 0.0000000000001 7 -5 0 Lie in between 8 + sin(n)
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Which Functions are Quadratic?
n2 0.001 n2 1000 n2 5n2 + 3n + 2log n
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Which Functions are Quadratic?
n2 0.001 n2 Lie in between 1000 n2 5n2 + 3n + 2log n
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Which Functions are Quadratic?
n2 0.001 n2 1000 n2 5n2 + 3n + 2log n Ignore low-order terms Ignore multiplicative constants. Ignore "small" values of n. Write (n2).
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Examples
f(n) 1) 2) 3) 4) ln2n nk g(n) ne cn nsinn 2n/2 O(g(n))? (g(n))? (g(n))?
n
2n
5)
6)
nlgc
clgn
lg(n!) lg(nn)
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