PROTECTION OF 60MW TURBO GENERATOR IN VSP
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
The
word 'protection' is generally used to
describe the whole concept of protecting a power
system.
Power
system protection is the process of
making the production, transmission, and
consumption of electrical energy as safe as
possible from the effects of failures and events that place the power system at risk.
NECESSITY OF PROTECTION
Three main effects of fault, that state the necessity of
protection:
It
is likely to cause the individual generators in a
power station, or groups of
generators in different
stations, to lose synchronism and fall out of step with consequent splitting of the system;
A risk A risk
of damage to the affected plant; and
of damage to healthy plant.
BASIC REQUIRMENTS OF PROTECTION:
Speed Selectivity
Sensitivity
Reliability
Simplicity
Economy
BASIC COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION
Relays Instrument Transformers Circuit breakers Tripping Batteries
PROTETIVE RELAYCIRCUIT BREAKER COMBINATION
TYPES OF PROTECTIONS:
Main
Protection
Back-up Protection
Auxiliary
Protection
GENERATOR FAULTS
Stator Rotor
Faults Faults Due To Mechanical Condition Faults
Faults
External
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
For protection of stator windings against earth faults and phase to phase makes use of circulating current principle In this scheme of protection currents at the two ends of protected sections are compared
STATOR INTERTURN FAULT PROTECTION
Interturn faults
occur in the stator slots, they quickly develop into faults to earth and are cleared by the stator earth fault protection
There is,however,the possibility
that they may occur at the winding ends and so cause extensive damage to the generator before the fault evolves to one detectable by other protection.
REVERSE POWER PROTECTION
The
motoring of the turbine output can be detected by
reverse power protection relay which is powered by both
C.T and P.Ts.
To
avoid false tripping due to power swings a time delay
is incorporated before tripping signal is generated. If the
unit trips on reverse power protection, the input power to
the turbine is increased as quickly as possible.
AUTOMATIC FIELD SUPPRESSION
In the event of fault on the turbo generator winding even if the generator C.B is tripped, the fault continues to be fed as long as long as excitation will exist because emf is induced in the generator itself.
For the quick removal of fault during emergency, it is necessary to disconnect the field simultaneously with the disconnection of the generator
LOCAL BREAKER BACK UP PROTECTION
The
LBB protection is energized when the breaker trip
is initiated after a suitable time interval if conformation of
the breaker tripping from 3poles is not received
The
energized tripping signal from local breaker back up
protection will trip all 220kv generator breakers and all
220kv feeder breakers through bus bar protection.
STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
If a faulty phase winding connected to ground, the normal low neutral voltage could rise as high as line-toneutral voltage depending on the fault location
The
usual method of detection fault is by measuring the voltage across the secondary of neutral grounding transformer (NGT).
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE OR CURRENT UNBALANCE PROTECTION
When
the machine delivering the equal currents in three phases, no unbalance are negative phase sequence current is produced
An
alarm will annunciate at annunciation panel it negative sequence currents exceed a normal level
ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
The
rotor earth fault may be caused due to insulation failure of winding or inter-turn fault followed by local heat. The protection scheme consists of a high resistance connected across the rotor circuit and its mid point is grounded through a sensitive relay
OVER FLUX OR OVER EXCITATION PROTECTION
This
problem may occur in turbo generators that are connected to the grid if they experience generating voltage regulation problems
It
may also occur for units during start-up or resynchronizing following a trip.
A
specialized volts/hertz relay is used to detect this condition, and will trip the generator if excessive volts/hertz conditions are detected
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Generator voltage is at preset value under normal operating conditions as selected by operator in AVR
The
over voltage protection is provided with an over voltage relay which has two units one instantaneous relay set for pick up at about 130-150% of rated voltage and the another IDMT relay set for pick up at about 110% of rated voltage
If
the generator trips for over voltage then raise the generator voltage slowly with manual mode in AVR
STATOR FRAME OVER HEATING PROTECTION
For
the protection of the turbo generator against any
possible fire accident twelve fire detector relays are provided on either side of the stator winding
The
set of contacts will close when the temperature
surrounding the fire relay exceeds 80O C. The other relay
one when the temperature exceeds 100O C
These
contacts are wired to CO2 fire extinguishing
system
ABNORMAL FREQUENCY PROTECTION
The
abnormal over frequency on the machine may be
due to improper speed control adjustment or disoperation
of the speed controller or severe grid disturbance or sudden load thrown off.
If
the unit trips due to abnormal frequency protection
then change the governor speed until machine reaches full speed. Even after 2to3 attempts the machine is running at lower speed, probably the governor of the turbine is faulty.
LOSS OF FIELD OR LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION
This fault is caused due to open circuit of field, short circuit of field, accidental tripping of field breaker, poor brush contact
The mho relay is placed which is designed to detect the change of impedance from the normal load value may therefore be used to provide protection against asynchronous operation resulting from the loss of excitation.
POLE SLIP PROTECTION
A
generator may lose synchronising with power system without failure of excitation system, because of severe fault disturbance or operation at a high load with leading power factor and hence a relatively weak field
OVER SPEED PROTECTION
Bearing over heating can be detected by a
relay actuated by a thermometer-type bulb
inserted in a hole in the bearing, or by a resistance-temperature-detector relay, such as used for stator over heating protection, with the detector embedded in the bearing
PROTECTION AGAINST VIBRATIONS
A vibration
detector may be mounted on one of
the bearing pedestals in the case of a horizontal shaft generating set, or on the upper guidebearing in case of a vertical shaft generating set. It may be set to trip the machine or initiate
an alarm when the radial deflections of certain
duration exceed a per-determined value.
BEARING OVER HEATING PROTECTION
Bearing over heating can be detected by a
relay actuated by a thermometer-type bulb inserted in a hole in the bearing, or by a resistance-temperature-detector relay, such as used for stator over heating protection, with the
detector embedded in the bearing
ANTI MOTORING PROTECTION
In the event of prime-mover failure the generator continues to rotate as a synchronous motor drawing electrical power from the system and driving the prime mover. element directional power relay is used to sense (reverse power relay)the direction of power flow in any one phase.
A single
CONCLUSION
A generator is the most important and most costly equipmenent in a power system. It is subjected to more number of troubles than any other equipment. The basic function of protection applied to generators is therefore to reduce the outage period to a minimum by rapid discriminative clearance of faults.
While selecting the scheme for generator protection, the protection of complete unit and the stability of the system due to disturbance, in a generator should be considered in addition to protection of the generator itself.
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