Introduction to

CDMA
 Objectives
 Introduce CDMA Networks
– What is CDMA?
– What are the benefits?
– What is CDMA2000?
– Future of CDMA
– How does a CDMA call work?
 What is CDMA?
 Code Division Multiple Access
– Unique identification of users through
digital codes
– Simultaneous use of radio spectrum by
multiple users
 Digital Spread Spectrum Technology
 Uses wideband radio channel
 Built-in interference minimization
 Spread Spectrum
Techniques
 Use of wide band to transmit
relatively narrow band data
 Types of spread spectrum
techniques:
– Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
 CDMA Concept
$%&@# CDMA can bring big This is John Doe
business

• Cocktail party in same room (same wide band

channel)
• Use different languages (different digital codes)
 CDMA Advantages
 Advantages from a user perspective
– Inherent privacy
– Higher capacity
– Increased battery life
– Reliable handoffs (Soft handoff)
– Quality (Multipath diversity)
 Advantages from an operator perspective
– Simpler deployment (Same frequency everywhere)
– Capacity (Variable rate coding, power control)
– Cost reduction (backhaul efficiency)
– Fully compatible evolution path
 Soft Handoff
 “Make-before-break” approach
 Graceful, non-muted handoff
 Allows mobile to transmit with less
power requirements

Cell A Cell B
 Power Control
 Increases battery life
 Dynamic control of power transmitted to
and from mobile
 Reduces interference to other users
 Increases system capacity
CDMA2000
 CDMA2000 Network
Architecture
CS-CN
HLR
MSC/VLR IS-41
AC

RAN PS-CN
AAA Server
BSC

IP Network HA
PDSN/ FA

MS
BTS Internet
cdma2000 (1x) Capabilities
Technology Data Rates Spectrum Services

Voice and circuit

IS-95 A/B 115.2 kbps 1.25 MHz switched data
services

Voice, circuit data,

1xRTT 614.4 kbps 1.25 MHz
and packet data

Packet data
1X-EV-DO 2.45 Mbps 1.25 MHz
services
Voice, Circuit,
Packet and
1X-EV-DV 3.09 Mbps 1.25 MHz
multimedia
services
CDMA2000 Major Players
Equipmen Service
t Vendors Providers Handsets

Ericsson Sprint PCS LG

North America Verizon
Lucent Motorola
Bell Mobility
Technologies
Nokia
Motorola Japan KDDI
Korea SK Telecom Kyocera
Nortel
India Tata, Samsung
Networks
Reliance,
BSNL
Organizations
CDMA Development Group (CDG)
3G Global Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
 CDMA2000 Radio Access
Network
1x and
1x-EV

Circuit
A-Interface PSTN
Switche
/ ISDN
d CN

BSC
Packet
Switche Internet
R-P Interface
d CN
 1x
1.25 M
Hz Car
1.2288 rier (sa
Mcps s me as
preadin IS-95)
g rate
IS-95) (same
as

• Backward compatible with IS-95

• IS-95 and 1x users supported on the same carrier
• Higher capacity (expected gain > 50%)
• True support for high-speed packet data
• Supplemental channel provides support for asymmetric
data rates and bandwidth on demand
 1xEV-DO
 Data evolution option for CDMA2000
networks
 Provides data rates up to 2 Mbps using 1x
carrier
 Does not provide voice services, optimized
for data services only
 Requires dedicated carrier
1xEV- For Voice + Data
IS-95 1x DO
1xEV-
High-Speed Data
DO
 1xEV-DV
 Data and voice evolution option for
CDMA2000 networks
 Provides data rates up to 3 Mbps using 1x
carrier
 Supports voice and data simultaneously
 Backward compatible to 1x – can share
same carrier
1xEV- Voice and
IS-95 1x High Speed Data
DV
End-to-End Flows
 Circuit-Switched Call Setup
Service Service
Request Request
Exchange Exchange

Authentication

BSC/ BTS
Radio Link Terrestrial Link

MSC
MS

Setup Setup

Service Connect
and
Synchronization

Radio Channel Terrestrial Link

 Packet-Switched Call Setup
Service Service
Request Request
Exchange Exchange
IS-
41

MSC
RAN Authentication

Radio Link
Setup R-P Session HLR/AC
Setup
BSC/ BTS
Service Connect
MS

and
Synchronization

PDSN
R-P Session
Radio Channel
Link

HA
Point-to-Point Connection Setup IP
Netwo
rk
Mobility related connection/setup (if required)
 Summary
 CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access
 CDMA uses the same frequency in adjacent cells
 User channels are differentiated using unique
digital codes (similar to different languages)
 Soft handoff is making a new link before dropping
the old one
 Soft handoff increases reliability of handovers
 Major CDMA providers in India are Tata Tele,
Reliance, BSNL
 2 evolution options for 1x CDMA: 1xEV-DO (Data
Only) and 1xEV-DV (Data and Voice)