Frequency Hopping
GTSS - Global Telecommunications Solution Sector
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Frequency Hopping Concepts
Carrier 0 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5 GSM Frame 1 GSM Frame 2 GSM Frame 3 GSM Frame 4 S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 F S B B
Carrier 0 Carrier 1 Carrier 2 Carrier 3 Carrier 4 Carrier 5
GSM Frame 5 GSM Frame 6 GSM Frame 7 GSM Frame 8 S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S S L O T S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B B B B
Frequency Hopping is a GSM standard feature, that allows changing the frequency used in transmission at regular intervals.
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Frequency Hopping Concepts
Included in GSM to lead with 2 RF link Phenomenons
Multipath fading: using different frequencies reduce the probability of continuous fading (Frequency Diversity)
Interference: permanent interference from neighbour cells will be avoided because the call will move through different frequencies (Interference Averaging)
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Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Frequency Diversity Non Hopping
Freq. 1
Error Bursts
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Frequency Diversity Hopping
Freq. 1
Error Bursts
Freq. 2
Error Bursts
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Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Interference Averaging non hopping
f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1
Wanted Call (f1 fixed)
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
Interfering Call (f1 fixed)
Corrupted Burst ! ! !
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Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Interference Averaging Hopping
f1 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f1 f3 f1 f2 f3 f2 f1 f2 f1 f3 f2 f3 f1 f2 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f1
Wanted Call (Pseudorandom over f1, f2, f3)
f3
f2
f1
f3
f1
f3
f2
f3
f1
f2
f1
f3
f1
f2
f3
f1
f2
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
f1
f2
f1
f2
f3
Interfering Call (Pseudorandom over f1, f2, f3)
Corrupted slots only ! !
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Quality Capacity Trade Off
Q U A C A P Q C
U
A Q U A C A P C A P
A
P
OR
Q U A
OR
Non Hopping
Hopping
Hopping
Hopping
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Base Band Hopping
BCCH DRCU1
3x9 Base Band Hopping Burst
1 2 3
TCH DRCU2
Timeslot
5 5 5
Freq. DRCU
f1 f2 f3 1 2 3
f1
f2
f3
TCH DRCU3
4
5 6 7
5
5 5 5
f4
f1 f2 f3
4
1 2 3
BCCH carrier with 4x12 or 5x15 reuse
Non-BCCH carriers - 3x9 reuse
DRCU = Diversity Radio Channel Unit
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TCH DRCU4
f4
Base Band Hopping
DRCUs are always transmiting a fixed frequency Cavity Combiners can be used Frequencies to hop over depend on the number of DRCUs Timeslots 1-7 of BCCH can carry traffic and hop
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Calls remain in the same DRCU, which retune Wideband combiners must be used Frequencies to hop over can be greater than the number of DRCUs If BCCH frequency is in the hopping sequence, timeslots 1-7 cannot carry traffic
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Reuse Patterns
1x3 Reuse Pattern 3x9 Reuse Pattern Base Band Hopping
Number of ARFCN = Number of transceivers One transceiver has a fixed frequency.
1x1 Reuse Pattern
Synthesised Frequency Hopping
Number of ARFCN > Number of transceivers 1x1 Reuse is better than 1x3 Reuse for Frequency Planning, but it does not increase the capacity of the system.
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Reuse Patterns
1x3 Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
4x12 or 5x15 reuse for BCCH 3 Groups of Non-BCCH carriers: Group A: f0, f3, f6,...fn-2 Group B: f1, f4, f7,...fn-1 Group C: f2, f5, f8,...fn Non-adjacent MAIO N carriers / 2N frequencies
0 3 6
1x1 Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
4x12 or 5x15 reuse for BCCH 1 Group of Non-BCCH carriers: Group A: f0, f1, f2,...fn Unique MAIO 16 % frequency load for cell ( 50% frequency load for site )
0 6 12
A A
4 1016 2 8 14
2 5 8
1 4 7
A C B
MAIO = Mobile Allocation Index Offset
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Synthesised Frequency Hopping
Reuse Patterns Quality & Capacity
1/3
12 ARFCNs
P/ Hopping
BCCH 4/12 or 5/15 4/12 ARFCNs setor A 4/12 ARFCNs setor B 4/12 ARFCNs setor C
1/1
12 ARFCNs P/ Hopping
BCCH 4/12 or 5/15 12 ARFCNs setor A 12 ARFCNs setor B 12 ARFCNs setor C
Non-adjacent MAIO - N radios / 2N frequencies 0 3 6 9
A
Unique MAIO - Frequency Load = 50% site 1 2 . . . . . . . 12
A C
2 5 8 11 1 4 7 10 1 2 . . . . . . . 12 1
B
2 . . . . . . . 12
MAIO = Mobile Allocation Index Offset
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
SFH versus BBH
Important:
BBH Hopping frequencies = number of carriers More than three carriers per cell necessary Only medium capacity gain possible 1x3 SFH N carriers /2N frequencies frequency load for cell Best fit for regular sector configuration High capacity gain and High quality possible Indicated for Higher Loading
50% freq load is the limit and requires very careful RF design and engineering.
A guard band between BCCH and TCH is highly recommended. One BCCH channel will act as a source of constant interference for one of the other sectors.
1x1 SFH 50 % frequency load for site (16 % freq. load for cell ) Interference control through manual MAIO planning High capacity gain and High quality possible Indicated for Lower Loading
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Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
SFH versus BBH
Quality
Both SFH & BBH enhance the quality. SFH performs better with few carriers per cell.
Capacity
Very aggressive frequency reuse is only viable with SFH. Very high capacity gain with SFH.
Frequency Planning
SFH only requires BCCH Planning. Adding a new site only requires to select a frequency for the BCCH.
Hardware Impacts
SFH can not be implemented with Cavity Combiners. Hybrids are useful for both SFH & BBH.
Hopping BCCH
BBH can be implemented on the BCCH. It is not worth doing it with SFH.
Flexibility
The integration of a new site is easier with SFH. No interdependence between the different carriers of the cell in SFH.
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping is clearly the best
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
SFH versus BBH
FREQUENCIES AVAILABLE CONFIGURATIONS FIXED BBH SFH TRAFFIC OFFERED (E/Km ) FIXED BBH SFH
2
CAPACITY INCREASES
BBH /
FIXED
SFH /
SFH /
BBH
24 36 48 60
2/2/2 3/3/3 4/4/4 5/5/5
2/2/2 * 4/4/4** 5/5/5 6/6/6 *
3/3/3 5/5/5 7/7/7 9/9/9
31.32 56.91 83.64 111.54
31.32 83.64 111.54 135.99
56.91 111.54 164.64 222.30
47% 33% 22%
82% 96% 97% 99%
82% 33% 48% 63%
(*) 3 frequencies left
0.5 Km / site (Area of 0.785 Km2)
FIXED
(**) One of the frequencies will be reused in a 2x3 pattern
56.91 Erl / Km2
3794 subs / Km2
15 mErl / subs
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
GSM Network in Reality
Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 5000 kHz 25 ARFCN 1 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 25 - 1 - 12 = 12 ARFCN for hopping
1x3 Reuse 2/2/2 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 2 carriers (radios) per sector, each one hopping over 4 frequencies BTS 3/3/3 ( 44.7 Erl ) 1x1 Reuse 2/2/2 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 6 carriers (radios) per cell, each one hopping over 12 frequencies BTS 3/3/3 ( 44.7 Erl )
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
GSM Network in Reality
Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 7500 kHz ( Diviso da Banda C pela Anatel ) 37 ARFCN + 100KHz 1 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 37 - 1 - 12 = 24 ARFCN for hopping
1x3 Reuse 4/4/4 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 4 Carriers (radios) per sector each hopping over 8 frequencies BTS 5/5/5 ( 84.7 Erl ) 1x1 Reuse 4/4/4 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 50% frequency load 12 Carriers (radios) per cell, each hopping over 24 frequencies BTS 5/5/5 ( 84.7 Erl ) > Quality !!!
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
GSM Network in Reality
Bandwidth Total Guard band BCCH TCH 15 MHz 75 ARFCN 2 ARFCN 12 ARFCN ( reuse 4x12 ) 75 - 2 - 12 = 61 ARFCN for hopping
1x3 Reuse 6/6/6 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 33.3% frequency load 6 carriers (radios) per sector, each hopping over 18 frequencies BTS 7/7/7 ( 129.2 Erl ) + 7/6/6 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) on 2 sites 7 carriers (radios), hopping over 21 frequencies BTS 8/7/7 ( 136.7 Erl )
1x1 Reuse 7/7/7 TCH ( +1/1/1 BCCH ) with 35% frequency load 7 carriers (radios) per sector, each one hopping over 20 frequencies BTS 8/8/8 ( 151.8 Erl )
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
GSM Network in Reality
No Frequency Hopping Channels 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 Band [MHz] 2,4 4,8 7,2 9,6 12 14,4 16,8 19,2 Conf. 111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 Frequency Hopping (FL=50%) Channels 24 30 36 42 48 54 Band [MHz] 4,8 6 7,2 8,4 9,6 10,8 Conf. 333 444 555 666 777 888
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Quality Improvement on 1x3 SFH
TCH RF_Loss
1 0,9
Percentage
0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0
0,902 0,71
20 % reduction in RF Loss on TCH carriers More successful handovers 10 % reduction in dropped calls due to handover failures
Percentage
FIXED SYSTEM
1x3x6
HO Fail Rate
1,14 1,12 1,1 1,08 1,06 1,04 1,02 1 0,98 0,96
1,14
1,03
FIXED SYSTEM
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
1x3x6
Quality Improvement on 1x1 SFH
DROPPED CALLS AND FAILS ON HANDOVERS
Configuration
2.50 94.00
CALL AND HANDOVER SUCCESS RATE
Configuration
2.00
2.41 1.68
92.00 90.00
92.4
93.1
1.50
(%)
1.45
1.00
1.46
(%)
88.00 86.00 84.00
87.1 85.3
87.9 86.4
0.50 82.00 0.00 80.00
SFH 1x3x6
HO_FAIL
SFH 1x1x18
DROPPED CALLS
SFH 1x3x6
SETUP_SUC
SFH 1x1x18
CALL_SUC HO_SUCC
30% reduction in Dropped Call Rate Superior subjective voice quality (Qvoice results) perceived by users Nearly as good call success performance as on microcells
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
Thank You!
3/6/2014 11:11 PM Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Motorola, the Stylized M, and all other trademarks indicated as such herein are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2001. All rights reserved.
