EXTERNAL FAULT
BB
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
IF
BB
i1 i2 i3 i4
∑ i = if
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EXTERNAL FAULT
LV HV
I1/_0º I2/_0º
Current difference is not equal to zero but it
less than the setting value – due to CT
.class error
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º
I2 /__180º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
A) Through-fault current under healthy
conditions or on an external fault:
• I2 reverses its direction (I2 = –I1) .
• Both currents are equal in magnitude |I2| = |I1|.
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0 .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• No tripping effect (IDiff = 0); restraint current
(IRest) corresponds to twice the through flowing
current.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
B) Internal fault, fed from each end (with
equal currents ):
• In this case, I2 = I1 in direction .
• In magnitude |I2| = |I1| .
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2·|I1| .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining (IRest)
quantities are equal and correspond to the
total fault current.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
C) Internal fault, fed from one end only:
• In this case, I2 = 0
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + 0| = |I1|
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + 0 = |I1|
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining
(IRest) quantities are equal and
correspond to the fault current fed from
one side.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Metro cell REF REF
R R
stabilizing
At Turn to turn occur , diff relay cannot operate due to low current . REF relay will operate by
voltage according to the setting
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EXTERNAL FAULT
I2/_0º
I1/_0º
Current difference is not equal to zero but it
less than the setting value – due to CT
.class error
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º I2 /__180º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Problems in Diffrential Protection
Saturate any one of the CT’s during fault- 1
For transformer , current from both CTs may not equal- 2
. due to changing tap changing position
For cables , current from both CT’s may not equal due- 3
. to capacitive current
Mal - operation of the relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
THE SOLUSION
Biased Differential Protection
Idiff I restrain = I stabilizing
SEESAW
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
I diff I restrain = I stabilizing
SEESAW
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
s s
I2 I1
= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
s s
I2 I1
= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
I RESTRAIN is the algebraic sum of I1 and I2 . The current passing through
restrain coil is DC . It is converted from AC to DC through bridge rectifier
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 1 sec
T = 0.5 sec Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
Relay will not
respond
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 0.5 sec
T = 1 sec
Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
A B C
SEND
Z1X
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 Both relays will 21
not respond
Z2 = Z1X
Both breakers will trip instantaneously with no effect of
SEND
:Summary : The distance relay will signal
operate at Z1 time if
. Fault occur at Z1- 1
Fault occur out of Z1 and inside Z1X (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND- 2
.signal from remote end distance relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
DISADVANTAGE 1
It is used with over head lines (OHL) for more than 20 km , and it is not
advisable to be used in short distances of over head lines (less than 20
km )
S/S A S/S B
ARCING
RESISTANCE
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
A B C
Z1X
Z1 85%
21 21
Arcing resistance is added to line impedance when fault is in the middle
of the line which cause increase in line impedance . So then both relays
.will see the fault as Z2 and give delay tripping
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
DISADVANTAGE 2
A B C
NO SEND
Z1X
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 T = 0.5 sec 21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under reach Transfer trip ( PUTT
A B C
SEND
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 Both relays will 21
not respond
Both breakers will trip instantaneously with no effect of
SEND
:Summary : The distance relay will signal
operate at Z1 time if
. Fault occur at Z1- 1
Fault occur out of Z1 (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND signal from- 2
.remote end distance relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive over reach Transfer trip ( POTT
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 Both relays will 21
not respond and
relay A will trip at
Z2 will trip instantaneously with no effect of
Both breakers
SEND
:Summary : The distance relay will signal
operate at Z1 time if
. Fault occur at Z1- 1
Fault occur out of Z1 and inside ZOR (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND- 2
.signal from remote end distance relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive over reach Transfer trip ( POTT
ECHO FEATURE
A B C
ECHO
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21
Z2 = ZOR
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive over reach Transfer trip ( POTT
WEEK INFEED FEATURE
KV 110 KV
KV
KV
KV110
80
90
77
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
G
21 21
WEEK INFEED UNIT
Z2 = ZOR OPERATED
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Pelec
Generator Out of Step
due to prolong of fault
without WEEK END
FEED function
Pmech
δ
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Blocking Over Reach
A Blocking B C
Signal
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21 21
Z2
Z1 = ZOR Z1 = ZOR
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
NO EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE
A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR Reclaim
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting time
expired
_ _
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting
_ _
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
