Network of Excellence in Training

WCP1 Course

Introduction to Well
Testing
and Interpretation
Dominique Bourdet
 Well Testing and Interpretation

• Introduction

• Well Testing Procedures and Hardware

• Examples of Typical Flow regimes

• Conclusions

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 Description of a Well Test
pi

Pressure, p
∆t Dd
∆p BU
∆p Dd

p(∆t=0) ∆t BU
Rate, q

drawdown build-up

Time, t

Drawdown : ∆p = pi − p(t )

Build-up : ∆p = p(t ) − p( ∆t = 0)
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 Well Test Objectives

• EXPLORATION WELL

• APPRAISAL WELL

• DEVELOPMENT WELL

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 Well Test Objectives

• EXPLORATION

– Nature and rate of produced fluid

– Initial pressure
– Reservoir properties

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 Well Test Objectives
• APPRAISAL
– Reservoir properties
• permeability
• heterogeneity
• reservoir boundaries
– Well productivity
– Fluid properties (sampling)

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 Well Test Objectives
• DEVELOPMENT
– Reservoir properties
• drainage mechanism (permanent gauges)
• communication between wells
– Well productivity
– Average pressure

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 Information obtained from Well Testing
• RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
– Reservoir responses
• Reservoir in dynamic condition (flow lines are
established)
• Large volume investigated (averaging)
– Results
• Permeability (horizontal k and vertical kv)
• Reservoir heterogeneities
– natural fractures,
– layering,
– change of characteristics.
• Pressure (initial pi and average p )
8 • Boundaries (distance and shape)
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 Information obtained from Well Testing

• WELL DESCRIPTION
– Results
• Production potential
– productivity index PI,
– skin factor S
• Well geometry

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 Interpretation Methodology

I S O
input system output

Inverse problem : O / I = S

Direct problem : I *S = O

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 Input Data required for Well Test Analysis

• TEST DATA
– Flow rate (sequence of event)
– Bottom hole pressure

• WELL DATA
– Wellbore radius rw and geometry
– Depths (formation, gauges)

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 Input Data required for Well Test Analysis

• RESERVOIR AND FLUID PARAMETER

– Formation thickness h (net)
– Porosity φ
– Formation volume factor B
– Oil viscosity µ
– Compressibility of oil co, water cw and formation
cf, water saturation Sw

c t = co ( 1 − S w ) + c w S w + c f

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 Types of Well Tests
• PROCEDURE

– Drawdown test
– Build-up test
– Injection test / fall-off test
– Interference test and pulse test
– Gas well test
• Flow after flow test,
• Isochronal test,
• Modified isochronal test
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 Types of Well Tests
• COMPLETION

– Production test
– Drill stem test (DST)

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 Test Sequence (oil well)

Pressure, p
Initial Build-up
shut-in
Clean Variable Stabilized

Rate, q
up rate rate

Time, t
– Clean-up period (drilling and completion fluids, no measurement)
– Initial shut-in (pressure gauge at depth, initial pressure pi)
– Variable rate (start of rate measurement)
– Stabilized rate (main flow)
– Shut-in: build-up period
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 Drill Stem Test
• ONSHORE
TESTING Flowhead
BOP Stack

Casing

Tubing

Test tool
Packer

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 Drill Stem Test

• OFFSHORE TESTING
Fixed point at
Packer

Fixed Rig (100 m maximum)

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 Drill Stem Test
DST STRINGS
• Open hole
– Open hole
packer

– Barefoot

– Zonal Isolation

• Cased hole

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 Surface Equipment
• FLOW HEAD: flowing, killing, wireline
• CHOKE MANIFOLD: positive & adjustable
• HEATER: hydrates, high viscosity
• SEPARATOR: metering of three phases
• TANK: oil rate
• BURNER

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 Surface Equipment
SURFACE SETUP

Flowhead
Burner
Choke
maniflod

Heater

Rig HP Gas
Gas
pump
manifold

Separator

Water Oil
Water Air

pump compressor Oil

Surge manifold
tank
Burner

Transfer pump

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 Test Separator Gas

Effluent

Water Oil

• THREE PHASES: oil, water and gas

• RATE MEASUREMENT
– Oil and water: positive displacement
– Gas: orifice meter
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 Down Hole Equipment

• PRESSURE GAUGES: memory or surface read out

• DOWN HOLE VALVE: DST, sampling
• BOTTOM HOLE SAMPLER: PVT analysis
• RFT, MDT: initial pressure, gradient & contacts,
permeability

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 Safety

• EQUIPMENT: pressure, temperature, sour gas

• PROCEDURE: pressure test, emergency shut-down,
day / night, safe area
• ENVIRONMENT: burning, oil drop out

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 Wellbore Storage


rw
r
pi

pw

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 Wellbore Storage

Pressure, p ∆ tD

d
∆ pDd ∆ pBU
∆ tBU

q Surface
Rate, q

q SandFace

Time, t

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 Wellbore Storage
C : wellbore storage coefficient
∆V
C=− = coVw (Bbl/psi)
∆p
with
co : fluid compressibility
Vw : wellbore volume

Vu
non-eruptive well: C =
ρg

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 Wellbore Storage
• Straight line on linear scale (at the beginning of
the response)
Pressure change, ∆p

BS
W
m ∆p =
qB
∆t
24C

Elapsed time, ∆t

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 Radial Flow Regime (infinite
homogeneous behavior)


 
 
  

p ri
rw r
pi

S=0
pwf
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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
p ri
rw r
pi

pwf (S=0) S>0

∆p skin
pwf (S>0)

pi

Pwf (S<0) S<0

∆ p skin
Pwf (S=0)

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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
kh
• SKIN: S= ∆pSkin
141.2qBµ

• DAMAGED WELL (S > 0): poor contact

between the well and the reservoir (mud-cake,
insufficient perforation density, partial penetration) or
invaded zone
• STIMULATED WELL (S < 0): surface of
contact between the well and the reservoir increased
(fracture, horizontal well) or stimulated zone
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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
Radial steady state flow:
k
rs
ks rw

141.2qBµ r 141.2qBµ r
pw, S − pw, S =0 = ln S − ln S
kS h rw kh rw
S=
kh
( pw,S − pw,S =0 ) =  k − 1 ln rS
141.2qBµ  kS  rw

Equivalent wellbore radius: r w e = r w  e−S

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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
qBµ  k 
∆p = 162.6  log ∆t + log − 3.23 + 0.87 S 
kh  φ µct rw
2


• Semi-log
straight
line

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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
• RESULTS:
1. the semi-log straight line slope m : the permeability k
qBµ
kh = 162.6
m

2. the straight line intercept: the skin factor S

 ∆p1 hr k 
S = 1.151 − log + 3.23 
 m φµ ct rw
2

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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
6000
no skin

pressure, psi
- Low 4000
moderate skin

permeability 2000

0
0 10 20 30 40
time, hours

6000
- High high skin
pressure, psi

4000
permeability very high skin

2000

0
0 10 20 30 40
34 time, hours
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 Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
3000

pressure change, psi

moderate skin
- Low 2000

∆ p skin
permeability 1000 no skin

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

time, hours
3000
pressure change, psi

- High 2000 ∆ p skin

very high skin

permeability 1000
high skin

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

time, hours
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 Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
• INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE

xf

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 Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
qB µ
∆p = 4.06 ∆t
hx f φct k

Pressure change, ∆p
• Straight line
with the mL
F

pressure versus
the square root
of time

∆t
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 Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
3000
Flow rate : 1000 BOPD
Fluid Volume-Factor : 1.2000 vol/vol
2500
Fluid Viscosity :0.500E+00 CP
porosity : 25.0000 %
pressure change, psi

2000 net thickness : 30.000 FEET

well-bore radius :0.300E+00 FEET
Total Compres:0.185E-04 1/psi
1500
Straight line slope : m= psi/cycle
Straight line pressure at 1 hour : Dp(1hr)= psi
1000
Permeability thickness : kh = md.ft
Skin factor S=
500

0
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02

time, hours

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 Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS 1996/01/01-1000 : OIL

5500.

slope of the line = -256.673 PSI/cycle

R(inv) at 1.188 hr = 81.7 FEET
5000.

R(inv) at 22.63 hr = 356. FEET

prod. time=0. hr at rate=1000.000 STB/D
skin = 5.69
permeability = 12.7 MD
Perm-Thickness = 380. MD-FEET
4500.
P PSI
4000.

SLOPE
3500.
3000.

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1
Delta-T (hr)

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 Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime

rw
re r
pi

pw

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 Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime


   

  

re
pi rw r

pw

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 Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime

pi rw
re r

pw

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 Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
• Straight line on linear scale

pi
Pressure, p

p-
pseudo s
teady sta
te
slope m*

Time, t
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 Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime
– At late time,

qB qBµ  A
∆p = 0.234 ∆t + 162.6 log r 2 −
φct hA kh  w


log ( C A ) + 0.351 + 0.87 S 


– Result: the reservoir pore volume

qB
φ hA = 0.234
ct m *

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 Well Responses
• FLOW REGIMES

– Geometry of the flow lines :

radial, linear, spherical, etc.

– Pressure : ƒ(∆ t) = l o gΔ t,   Δ t,  1/  Δ t
etc.

– Straight line on a specialized pressure versus time

plot.

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 Well Responses
• WELL RESPONSES
– Fractured well:
1. Linear
2. Radial

– Well in a channel:

1. Radial
2. Linear

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 Build-up analysis
• Semi-log scale: Horner plot

4000

slope m
Pressure, psia

3750

3500

3250

3000
1 101 102 103 104
(tp + ∆ t) / ∆ t

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 Type Curve analysis
• Log-log Scale
102
p

Start of semi-log radial flow

Dimensionless Pressure,

CDe2S
D

10

10-1
10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4
Dimensionless time, tD/CD
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 Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
1.0E+03

pressure
∆ p and ∆ p', psi

1.0E+02

derivative
1.0E+01

1.0E+00
1.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02

∆ t, hours

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 Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
102 1060
1050
1040
1030
Dimensionless pressure, pD

60
10 1020
50
10 1015
40
10 DAMAGED 10810
1030 6
10
10 104
10 60
10
1020
103 102
50 1015
10 NORMAL 10
Approximate 40 10
10
3 1
10 8
0.3
end of 30
10
10
10 6
ACIDIZED
wellbore 20
10 10 4
CD e 2S
storage 1015
3
10
2
10 10
1 8
10
10
10 3
6
10 1
4
0.3
10
3
10 CD e 2S
10-1
10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105

Dimensionless time, tD/CD

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Testing

End of Module