Cells and
Organelles
Patterns in Nature
Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw row of empty boxes
Coined the term cell
Cell theory
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
all living things are made of cells
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
all cells come from cells
Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all
organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle
discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
Characteristics of all cells
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
Cell Types
Procaryotic
Eucaryotic
Procaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Procaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
Eucaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Representative Animal
Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Organelles
Cellular machinery
Small structures inside a cell with specific functions
Plasma Membrane (cell
membrane)
Contains cell contents
Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell selectively
permeable
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Cell Walls
Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane
Provides support for the cell and the plant
Built up of strands of cellulose fibres, which are slightly elastic and
flexible
Some are thickened with lignin , making the walls hard and woody
Cytoplasm
Viscous fluid containing organelles
Components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibres
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
storage of substances
Cytoskeleton
Filaments & fibers
Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances
Cilia & Flagella
Flagella
Provide motility
Cilia
many short fibres
Used to move
substances outside
human cells
Flagella
1 long fibre
Whip-like extensions
Found on sperm cells
Cilia
Cilia & Flagella Structure
Bundles of microtubules
With plasma membrane
Centrioles
Pairs of microtubular structures
Help divide the cell during cell
division
Found near nucleus and animal cells
Together is called a centrosome
Membranous Organelles
Functional components within cytoplasm
Bound by membranes
Nucleus
Control center of
cell
Regulates DNA &
RNA actions.
Double membrane
Contains
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope (nuclear
membrane)
Separates nucleus from rest of cell
Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus.
Double membrane of lipids
Has pores
Nucleolus
Produces RNA, which are used to
make all proteins
Inside Nucleus, separate from
DNA
Most cells have 2 or more
Forms ribosomes
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
Hereditary material
Made up of nucleotides, locked in the
nucleus
Contains information on how to make
proteins.
Chromatin unorganized DNA (normal
state)
Chromosomes organized DNA (present
before cell division
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transportation route for proteins.
- Rough ER: has ribosomes
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Network of interconnected membranes (tubes and
channels)
Highly folded for increased SA
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER)
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Ribsomes
Small circular
organelles
Site of protein
synthesis
Small and round
shape increases
SA
Golgi Apparatus
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell.
Series of flattened disc-shaped stacks of membranes
Surface is called forming face and this is where
vesicles bud off
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to
secrete contents
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes
Small membrane-bound organelles
Functions
Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders
Vacuoles
Membrane bound storage sacs
More common in plants than
animals
Contents
Water
Food
wastes
Mitochondria
Have their own DNA
Bound by double membrane, the inner one is
tucked and folded inside
Increased SA due to folding of inner membrane
Mitochondria
Break down fuel molecules (cellular
respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP
Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
(converting solar
energy and CO2 into
sugar)
Membrane bound
organelles that
contain chlorophyll
Contain dense sets
of membranes
(thylakoids) like a
stack of coins
(grana) separated
Increased SA due
to stacking of
membranes
Table. A list of the major organelles, which microscope
you need to view them and their location in animal and
plant cells
Organelle
Viewed under LM, Located in
EM or both
Animal, Plant cell
or both
Nucleus
Both
Both
Plasma/cell
membrane
Both
Both
Cytoplasm
Both
Both
Cell wall
Both
Plant
Chloroplast
Both
Plant
Vacuole
Both
Mostly plant
Mitochondria
EM
Both
Ribosome
EM
Both
Golgi body
EM
Both
Endoplasmic
reticulum
EM
Both
Lysosomes
EM
Mostly animal
Centrioles
EM
Animal
