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Database Recovery & Security Guide

This document discusses database recovery systems. It covers database recovery concepts and techniques, types of database failures and recovery, and buffer management. The key points are: - Database recovery restores the database to a consistent state after a failure through techniques like forward and backward recovery using database backups and transaction logs. - Types of database failures include hardware, software, system crashes, network issues, media failures, application errors, disasters, carelessness, and sabotage. - Recovery techniques depend on the damage type and include deferred update, where updates are postponed until commit, and immediate update, where updates are applied immediately with the log. - Buffer management improves I/O performance using buffers to match processor and

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96 views21 pages

Database Recovery & Security Guide

This document discusses database recovery systems. It covers database recovery concepts and techniques, types of database failures and recovery, and buffer management. The key points are: - Database recovery restores the database to a consistent state after a failure through techniques like forward and backward recovery using database backups and transaction logs. - Types of database failures include hardware, software, system crashes, network issues, media failures, application errors, disasters, carelessness, and sabotage. - Recovery techniques depend on the damage type and include deferred update, where updates are postponed until commit, and immediate update, where updates are applied immediately with the log. - Buffer management improves I/O performance using buffers to match processor and

Uploaded by

SK Munaf
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATABASE RECOVERY SYSTEM

database recovery concepts

types of database failure


types of database recovery
recovery techniques

Buffer Management

DATABASE SECURITY
Goals
Discretionary access control
Mandatory Access control
Firewalls
Data encryption

Database Recovery is the process of


restoring the database to a correct
(consistent) state in the event of a
failure.
Database backup and recovery functions
constitute a very important component
of DBMS.
Some provide automatic database
backups to secondary storage devices
such as disks, CDs, tapes and so on.,

Backups can be considered as follows


1) Full backup or dump of the
database
2) A differential backup of the
database
3) A backup of transaction log only.
Backup is stored in a secure place,
usually in a different building and
protected against danger such as fire,
theft, flood and other potential

Types of Database Failures:1) Hardware Failures:(memory errors, disk crashes, bad


disk
sectors, disk full errors).
2) Software Failures:(softwares such operating system,
DBMS software, application
programs)
3) System Crashes:(h/w or s/w errors, resulting the loss
of
main memory)

4) Network failures:(client/server configurations,


distributed system database,
communication failures)
5) Media Failures:(Head crashes, unreadable media,
loss of part in the secondary storage,
dangerous failures).
6) Application Software errors:(logical errors in the programming).
7) Natural physical Disasters:-

8) Carelessness:(unintentional destruction of data, or


facilities by operators or users).
9) Sabotage:(failures due to intentional corruption or
destruction of data ,h/w or s/w).

TYPES OF DATABASE RECOVERY:Any transaction must be aborted or


committed to maintain data integrity.
Any transaction begins with start
(BEGIN) and ends with successful
execution of SAVE (COMMIT)
TWO
TYPES
OF
TRANSACTION
RECOVERY
1) FORWARD RECOVERY
2) BACKWARD RECOVERY

FORWARD RECOVERY OR REDO OR


ROLL-FORWARD:used in the case of physical damage.
the
intermediated
results
transactions are
written in the database buffers.

of

the

database buffers occupy an area in the


main memory.
From this buffer, the data is transferred to
and from secondary storage of database.

Last
Database
Copy
Roll-forward
program

Transactio
n log

Recreated
Database

BACKWARD RECOVERY OR UNDO OR


ROLL BACKWARD:used in case an error occurs in the
middle of normal operation on the
database.
if the transaction was not committed at
the time of failure, it will cause
inconsistency in the database.
then the recovery manager must undo
any effects of the transaction database.

Current
database
Rollbackward
program
Transactio
n log

corrected
Database

RECOVERY TECHNIQUES:They depend on the type and extent of


damage that has occurred to the database.
They are based on the atomic
transaction property.
Two types of damages can take place to
the database.
1) Physical damage
2) Non-Physical or Transaction failure.

Techniques are used for recovery


1) Deferred Update
2) Immediate Update

Deferred Update:Updates are not written to the database


until after a transaction has reached its
COMMIT point.
or
Updates to the database are deferred (or
postponed) until the transaction completes
its execution successfully and reaches its
commit point.

Immediate Update:all updates to the database are applied


immediately as they occur without waiting
to reach the COMMIT point and a record of
all changes is kept in the transaction log.

Considering the following transaction:Time-1

READ (A,a1)

Time-2

a1=a1+20000

Time-3

WRITE (A,a1)

Time-4

READ (B,b1)

Time-5

b1:=b1-20000

Time-6

WRITE (B,b1)

DEFERRED UPDATE LOG ENTRIES FOR


THE TRANSACTION T IS A FOLLOWS:Before start of transaction
B=80000
Time-1 <T,BEGIN>

A=70000

Time-2 <T,A,20000>
Time-3 <T,B,20000>
Time-4 <T,COMMIT>
After transaction
A=90000, B=60000

IMMEDIATE UPDATE LOG ENTRIES FOR


THE TRANSACTION T IS A FOLLOWS:Before start of transaction A=70000
B=80000
Time-1 <T,BEGIN>
Time-2 <T,A,70000,20000>
Time-3
A=90000
Time-4 <T,B,80000,20000>
Time-5
B=60000
Time-6 <T,COMMIT>
After transaction
A=90000, B=60000

BUFFER MANAGEMENT:DBMS application programs require


input/output (I/O)operations, which are
performed by a component operating
system.
I/O operations normally use buffers to
match speed of the processor and the
relatively fast main with the slower
secondary storage devices.
This type of tasks is performed by the

Replacement stragegies used by the


buffer management
1) FIFO (First-In-First-out)
2) LRU (Least Recently Used)

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