Object Oriented Analysis
and Design
Chapter 1
Applying UML and Patterns
Applying UML
UML
is just a standard diagramming
notation. It is just a tool, not a skill that is
valuable in itself. Knowing UML helps
you communicate with others in creating
software, but the real work in this course
is learning Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design, not how to draw diagrams.
Assigning Responsibilities
The
most important skill in ObjectOriented Analysis and Design is
assigning responsibilities to objects.
That determines how objects interact
and what classes should perform what
operations.
Requirements Analysis
All
Software Analysis and Design is
preceded by the analysis of requirements.
One of the basic principles of good design
is to defer decisions as long as possible.
The more you know before you make a
design decision, the more likely it will be
that the decision is a good one.
TFCL: Think First, Code Later!
Use Cases
Writing
Use Cases is not a specifically
Object Oriented practice. But it is a best
practice for elaborating and
understanding requirements. So we will
study Use Cases.
The Unified Process
A
standardized approach to analysis and
design helps to ensure that all necessary
tasks are understood and completed in
software development.
This text, and the course, will focus on
the Unified Process developed at
Rational Software by Ivar Jacobsen,
Grady Boch, Jim Rumbaugh, and others.
Other Necessary Skills
Requirements
Analysis, Object-Oriented
Analysis and Object-Oriented Design are
not a complete toolkit for a software
developer. There are many other skills
necessary in Software development,
including programming. This course only
covers a subset of the necessary skills.
Topics and Skills
What Is Analysis and Design?
Analysis
emphasizes an investigation of
the problem and requirements, rather
than a solution.
"Analysis" is a broad term, best qualified,
as in requirements analysis (an
investigation of the requirements) or
object analysis (an investigation of the
domain objects).
Design
emphasizes a conceptual
solution that fulfills the requirements,
rather than its implementation.
do
the right thing (analysis), and do the
thing right (design).
What is Object Oriented
Analysis?
The
emphasis is on finding and
describing the objects (or concepts) in
the problem domain.
In a Library Information System, some of
the concepts include Book, Library, and
Patron.
Exercise: How many classes could you find here?
VTOL
Glider
Helicopter
Jet
Drone
Military
Turboprop
Space Shuttle
Airship
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What is Object Oriented
Design?
The
emphasis is defining software
objects and how they collaborate to fulfill
the requirements.
In a Library Information System, a Book
software object may have a title attribute
and a get Chapter method.
Implementation
During
Implementation, or ObjectOriented Programming, design objects
are implemented, such as a book class
in Java.
Implementation is also known as Coding
or Construction.
Example Tasks
Define
Use Cases
Define a Domain Model
Define Interaction Diagrams
Define Design Class Diagrams
Define Use Cases
Play
a Dice Game: A player picks up
and rolls the dice. If the dice face value
total seven, they win, otherwise, they
lose.
Define a Domain Model
Define Interaction Diagrams
Define Design Class Diagrams
UML
The
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is
a language for specifying, visualizing,
constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems, as well as
for business modeling and other nonsoftware systems
Terminology & concepts
Object
Attributes
Instantiations
Classes
Objects, Attributes, & Instances
Object something that is or is capable of being seen,
touched, or otherwise sensed, and about which users store
data and associate behavior.
Person, place, thing, or event
Employee, customer, instructor, student
Warehouse, office, building, room
Product, vehicle, computer, videotape
Attribute the data that represent characteristics of interest
about an object.
Object instance each specific person, place, thing, or
event, as well as the values for the attributes of that object.
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What is an Object?
Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software
Physical entity
Truck
Conceptual entity
Chemical Process
Software entity
Linked List
24
Representing Objects
An
object is represented as rectangles with
underlined names
: Professor
Class Name Only
ProfessorClark :
Professor
a + b = 10
ProfessorClark
Object Name Only
Professor Clark
Class and Object Name
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What is a Class?
A
class is a description of a group of objects
with common properties (attributes),
behavior (operations), relationships, and
semantics
An object is an instance of a class
Emphasizes relevant characteristics
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Sample Class
Class
Course
Properties
Name
Location
Days offered
Credit hours
Start time
End time
a + b = 10
Behavior
Add a student
Delete a student
Get course roster
Determine if it is full
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Representing Classes
A
class is represented using a
compartmented rectangle
Professor
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Class Compartments
A class is comprised of three sections
The first section contains the class name
The second section shows the structure
(attributes)
The third section shows the behavior (operations)
Class Name
Attributes
Operations
Professor
name
empID
create( )
save( )
delete( )
change( )
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Exercise: How many classes could you find here?
VTOL
Glider
Helicopter
Jet
Drone
Military
Turboprop
Space Shuttle
Airship
30
Inheritance
Modularity
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Object Orientation
31
What is Abstraction?
Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides
all but the relevant data about an object in order to reduce
complexity and increase efficiency.
Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require
subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract
methods.
32
What is Abstraction?
Salesperso
n
Customer
Not saying
Which
salesperso
n just a
salesperso
n in
Manages
Complexity
general!!!
Product
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What is Encapsulation?
Hide
implementation from clients
Clients depend on interface
How does an object
encapsulate?
What does it
encapsulate?
What is Modularity?
The
breaking up of something complex
Order
into manageable pieces
Entry
Order Processing
System
Order
Fulfillment
Billing
Manages Complexity
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Polymorphism
Polymorphism
means Many Form
Two objects are polymorphic if they have
the same interface and different
behavior.
This allows clients to use them without
knowing their true behavior.
36
What is Polymorphism?
The
ability to hide many different
implementations behind a single
interface
Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C
OO Principle:
Encapsulation
37
Polymorphism
Polymorphism literally
meaning many forms, the
concept that different
objects can respond to the
same message in different
ways.
Override a technique
whereby a subclass
(subtype) uses an attribute
or behavior of its own
instead of an attribute or
behavior inherited from the
class (supertype).
38
What is an Interface?
Interfaces
formalize polymorphism
Interfaces support plug-and-play
architectures
Tube
<<interface>>
Shape
Pyramid
Draw
Move
Scale
Rotate
Cube
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Supertype, and Subtype
Generalization/specialization a technique wherein the attributes
and behaviors that are common to several types of object classes are
grouped (or abstracted) into their own class, called a supertype. The
attributes and methods of the supertype object class are then inherited
by those object classes.
Supertype an entity that contains attributes and behaviors that are
common to one or more class subtypes.
Also referred to as abstract or parent class.
Subtype an object class that inherits attributes and behaviors from a
supertype class and then may contain other attributes and behaviors
that are unique to it.
Also referred to as a child class and, if it exists at the lowest level of the
inheritance hierarchy, as concrete class.
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Inheritance (cont.)
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Text Book
Applying UML and patterns: An introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis
and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman, Prentice Hall;
3rdEdition (October 30, 2004). ISBN-10: 0131489062
