Telecommunication
Networks and Services
Prepared by
Dr AL-Khalid Othman
Department Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
UNIMAS
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Introduction
Telecommunication Networks
and Services
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
The Development of
Telecommunications Network
Structures and Services
The success of a new services
Technology
Standards
Market
Regulation
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Factor 1: Technology
considerations
Technology capabilities
based on S- shaped
curve
New invention of
technology
Capability
Fundamental physical
Time
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Factor 2: Regulation
Based on Government regulation
Regulation provide a framework that
determines what types of services and
networks can be implemented.
Addressing the issue of which information
should be available to people over a
telecommunications networks.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Factor 3: Market
Determined by customer
Depend on cost, usefulness, and appeal of
the service.
Cost of services decrease with the size of the
subscriber base due to economies of scale
Usefulness of service frequently depends on
there being a critical mass of subscribers
Example: email depend on destination
Appeal of service depends on comfortability
of service
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Factor 4: Standard
Basically, an agreement to ensure
interoperable among equipment vendors.
Capable talk to one another
Have a choice of buying equipment from
multiple suppliers
Standard are extremely important in
telecommunications where the value of a
network is to large extent determined by the
size of the community that can be reached.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Discussion
What are the criteria of designing a
communication network?
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Communication Design Consideration
Range
Power
Cost
Bandwidth
Speed
Reliability
Convenience
Accuracy
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
Range
The further information has to be transmitted, the
more difficult it is to get the message through
uncorrupted
Wired link require repeaters for long distances but
work well at low frequencies.
Coaxial, optical fibre work with long distance and
high frequencies.
Terrestrial radio links require different frequencies
for different purposes, eg., HF (long distance
ionosphere communication across the world); VHF
(variety shorter rage uses); UHF (give large BW for
TV); medium wave for broadcasting.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
10
Power
Less power at sending end (Tx), simpler and cheaper
for transmitting installation but Rx can be more
complex.
Radiated power may need to be kept high to allow
the use of cheap receivers (radio broadcasting)
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
11
Cost
Has to be kept as low as is compatible with achieving
the desired system performance.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
12
Bandwidth
Large BW increase of cost and complexity of system
design.
Example, in telephone channel, the BW is halved at
the start by using SSB (single sided) techniques and
then making what is left for the voices.
The standard voice frequency channel for telephone
is 4KHz.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
13
Speed
Cheaper system sending information teleprinters,
facsimile, SMS.
Sending faster information, more BW required but
less time.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
14
Reliability
How much does it matter if your signal arrives
corrupted?
The aim is to use the cheapest system which will give
acceptable reproducibility of signal.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
15
Convenience
Encompasses a multitude of factors of which most
restricting technically is the need for new systems to
be compatible with the existing system.
Use more comprehensive integrated circuits whereas
possible (must be digital); ease for production and
cheap for repairing.
Upgrading the system
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
16
Accuracy/Quality
The received signal must be accurate compared to
the original but required more complex and
expensive communication system.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
17
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
The Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN)
Analog Circuits
What is Sound?
The Voiceband
Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
18
The Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)
Many communication technologies are based on
the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
- voice, data or networking.
It is important to have an understanding of the
structure and operation of the telephone
network.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
19
What is the basic model for the
telephone network?
At the top of the diagram, we have a
telephone and a telephone switch.
The telephone is located in a building called a
Customer Premise (CP), and the telephone
switch is located in a building called a Central
Office (CO).
One could refer to the telephone as Customer
Premise Equipment (CPE).
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
20
The Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN)
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
21
PSTN
The telephone is connected to the telephone switch
with two copper wires, often called a local loop or a
subscriber loop, or simply a loop.
This a dedicated access circuit from the customer
premise into the network.
We usually have the same arrangement at the other
end, with the far-end telephone in a different
customer premise and the far-end telephone switch
usually in a different central office.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
22
Connection - Why copper?
Copper is a good conductor of electricity - but
not perfect: it has some resistance to the flow
of electricity through it.
Because of this, the signals on the loop
diminish in intensity or attenuate with
distance, and if the loop were too long, you
wouldn't be able to hear the other person.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
23
PSTN
The maximum resistance allowed is usually 1300 ohms, which
works out to about 18,000 feet or 18 kft, which is 3 miles or 5
km on standard-thickness 26-gauge cable, but could be as long
as 14 miles or 22 km on thicker 19-gauge cable.
Thus, COs traditionally had a serving area of three miles radius
around them, about 27 square miles or 75 km2.
With suburban sprawl, we can't build COs every five miles, so in
practice, new subdivisions are served from remote switches,
which are low-capacity switches in small huts or underground
controlled environment vaults. local loop is essential.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
24
PSTN
The remote provides telephone service locally on the
loops in the subdivision.
The remote and the loops are connected back to the
nearest CO via a loop carrier system that uses fiber
or radio.
Telephone switches are connected with trunks.
While subscriber loops are dedicated access circuits,
trunks are shared connections between COs.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
25
Discuss what do understand about PSTN
structure.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
26
To establish a connection between one customer
premise and another, the desired network address
(telephone number) is signaled to the network (to the
CO switch or remote) over the loop, then the switch
seizes an unused trunk circuit going in the correct
direction and the connects the loop to that trunk - for
the duration of the call.
When one end or the other hangs up, the trunk is
released for someone else to connect between those
two COs.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
27
PSTN
This method for sharing the trunks is known
as circuit switching.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
28
Voice and data equipment which connects to
the PSTN over regular telephone lines must
work within the characteristics of the local
loop, so an understanding of the
characteristics and limitations of the local
loop is essential.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
29
Analog Circuits
Telephones transmit information over copper
wires using voltage
Voltage is a representation of analog from
speakers voice
Analog circuit
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
30
Analog Circuits
The technique for representing information on an
ordinary local loop is called analog.
The term analog comes from the design of the
telephone.
A microphone in the telephone handset is placed in
the path of the sound pressure waves coming out of
the speakers throat.
As the sound pressure waves hit the microphone,
they change its electrical characteristics.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
31
Analog Circuits
The electrical characteristics of the microphone
change as the sound pressure waves hit it to make a
voltage on the telephone wires change.
This voltage is a representation or analog of the
sound pressure waves.
This is all we mean by analog: representation. The
voltage on the wires is an analog of the sound
pressure waves coming out of the speakers throat.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
32
What is Sound?
Sound is a wave, a longitudinal wave
Sound needs a medium to travel
Sound vibrates the air like a slinky
An echo is a reflection of sound of an object. It's like playing
tennis
Sound travels at the speed of sound, surprise! (331 m/s)
The sound phenomena we hear when an ambulance passes us
by is known as the Doppler Effect
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
33
The Voiceband
In electronics, voice band means the typical human
hearing frequency range that is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
In telephony, it means the frequency range normally
transmitted by a telephone line, generally about 200
3600 Hz.
Frequency-division multiplexing in telephony normally
uses 4 kHz carrier spacing.
The rate at which the amplitude of a signal drops off
near the upper and lower limits can vary with the
design of the band-pass filters.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
34
The question of frequency spacing was addressed at
an international meeting in the 1930s.
Germany and Britain favored 2 kHz spacing, while
the Netherlands and some other countries preferred
6 kHz.
The question was compromised at the American
position, which was the 4 kHz spacing that remained
standard and also fixed the standard PCM sample
rate at 8 kHz, which in turn defines what "voiceband"
means for this purpose.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
35
Plain Ordinary Telephone Service
(POTS)
Plain old telephone service, or POTS, is a term
which describes the voice-grade telephone service
that remains the basic form of residential and small
business service connection to the telephone network
in most parts of the world.
The name is a reflection of the telephone service still
available after the advent of more advanced forms of
telephony such as ISDN, mobile phones and VoIP.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
36
POTS
It has been available almost since the
introduction of the public telephone system in
the late 19th century, in a form mostly
unchanged to the normal user despite the
introduction of Touch-Tone dialing, electronic
telephone exchanges and fiber-optic
communication into the public switched
telephone network (PSTN).
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
37
POTS
The system was originally known as the Post
Office Telephone Service or Post Office
Telephone System in many countries.
The term was dropped as telephone services
were removed from the control of national
post offices.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
38
POTS services :
bi-directional, or full duplex, voice path with limited
frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz: in other words, a
signal to carry the sound of the human voice both
ways at once;
call-progress tones, such as dial tone and ringing
signal;
subscriber dialing;
operator services, such as directory assistance, long
distance, and conference calling assistance;
a standards compliant analog telephone interface
including BORSCHT functions
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
39
BORSCHT functions
BORSCHT circuitry is typically located on a telecommunications
network line card and is increasingly integrated into a chipset by
several semiconductor companies for low-cost implementation of a
standard POTS telephone interface for non-traditional telephony
networks such as cable television networks, fiber optic, VoIP and
wireless local loop.
Battery feed - device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads.
Overvoltage protection-Used transient voltage suppressor or TVS -a
general classification of an array of devices that are designed to react to
sudden or momentary overvoltage conditions.
Ringing-is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
40
BORSCHT functions
Supervision-a loop start is a supervisory signal given
by a telephone or PBX in response to the completion
of the loop circuit, commonly referred to as 'off-hook'.
Codec- device or program capable of performing
encoding and decoding on a digital data stream or
signal.
Hybrid-is a single transformer that has three windings
Testing
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
41
POTS- Example
In the United States, the pair of wires from the central
switch office to a subscriber's home was called the
subscriber loop.
It was typically powered by 48V direct current (DC)
and backed up by a large bank of batteries
(connected in series) in the central office, resulting in
continuation of service during most commercial
power outages.
The subscriber loop would typically carry a "load" of
about 300 Ohms, and did not pose a threat of
electrocution to human beings.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
42
POTS other features :
Many calling features became available to POTS
subscribers after computerization of telephone
exchanges during the 1970s and 1980s. The services
include:
Voicemail - is a centralized system of managing
telephone messages for a large group of people.
Caller ID - is a telephone service that transmits the
caller's number to the called party's telephone
equipment during the ringing signal or when the call
is being set up but before the call is answered.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
43
Call waiting - If a calling party places a call to a called
party which is otherwise engaged, and the called
party has the call waiting feature enabled,
Speed dialing is the use of a very short series of
telephone numbers to reach public services. Typically
these are two or three digits, and are most commonly
known as being emergency telephone numbers like
1-1-2 and 9-1-1.
Conference call (three-way calling) - is a telephone
call in which the calling party wishes to have more
than one called party listen in to the audio portion of
the call.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
44
POTS-Summary
The communications circuits of the PSTN continue to be
modernized by advances in digital communications, however,
other than improving sound quality, these changes have been
mainly transparent to the POTS customer.
The function of the POTS local loop presented to the customer
for connection to telephone equipment is practically unchanged
and remains compatible even with telephones built in the early
20th century.
Due to the wide availability of POTS, new forms of
communications devices such as modems and facsimile
machines are designed to use the POTS service to transmit
digital information.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
45
Discussion
What is the procedure for the telephone
network to be connected?
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
46
CONNECTING TELEPHONE
NETWORK
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
47
IP-Telephony
What is Voice-over-IP?
Voice-over-Internet-Protocol or Voice-over-IP
or VoIP allows one to send a voice
transmission via a network instead of the
standard telephone infrastructure.
Calls can be routed via the Internet, wide
area network (WAN), or local area network
(LAN).
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
48
What is an IP-PBX (Internet
Protocol Private Branch eXchange) ?
An IP-PBX is a customer premises business phone
system that manages telephones throughout the
enterprise and acts as a gateway to both voice and
data networks.
An IP-PBX allows you to place calls using a network
instead of standard telephone infrastructure.
Telephones can be connected to the IP-PBX via the
network and calls can be routed via the network
instead of the standard public switched telephone
network.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
49
What are the advantages of an IPPBX system?
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
50
What are the advantages of an IPPBX system?
Multiple Branch Offices
With VoIP, expanding your business phone system to
multiple branch office sites is easy.
Integrated IP Gateways allow you to traffic calls between
offices over the Internet and save on long distance
charges.
Dialing branch offices is as easy as calling an extension
down the hall.
Make certain that your IP-PBX has an administration tool
that simplifies the process of configuring IP gateways
between remote systems.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
51
Toll Bypass
IP-PBXs enable businesses to reduce the cost
of long distance calling by routing calls
inexpensively over IP networks.
If you have overseas facilities, using an IP-PBX
could reduce your business's costs significantly.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
52
Remote Office
Even if your business has a single remote office, an IP-
PBX can give you the flexibility to pick an affordable
solution.
Purchasing a solution that allows for a small or large
number of IP trunks might be right for you.
Work From Home
Vertical's sophisticated IP-PBX software extends easily
and seamlessly to your telecommuters, contractors, and
consultants and makes them part of the corporate phone
system.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
53
SUMMARY-THE TELEPHONE
NETWORK
Modern telephone network provides basic
telephone service.
It involves two-way, real-time transmission of
voice signals.
In basic form, service involves transfer of
analog signal of a nominal bandwidth of 4
kHz across a sequence of transmission and
switching facilities.
The digital transmission capacity of the 4 kHz
channel is about 45 kbps miniscule in
relation to speed of modern computers.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
54
Ubiquity and low cost make telephone network an
essential component of computer communications.
Telephone network operate on basis of circuit
switching.
Circuit switching involves setting up physical path
from one telephone across network to other
telephone.
At telephone offices operators make physical
connections that allows electric current to flow from
one telephone to the other.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
55
Examples
IP Telephony
PBX 3CX
Etc.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
56
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
Physical resources such as wires and switch connections
were dedicated to the call for its entire duration.
Modern digital telephone networks combine circuitswitching with digital transmission and digital switching.
Fig 10: Circuit switching
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
57
In basic form, service involves transfer of
analog signal of a nominal bandwidth of 4
kHz across a sequence of transmission and
switching facilities.
The digital transmission capacity of the 4 kHz
channel is about 45 kbps miniscule in
relation to speed of modern computers.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
58
Central Office and Local Loop
Each phone user (subscriber) has a direct connection
to a switch in the central office.
This is called the local loop
The local loop has a length of 1 - 10 km
The switches in the central office are called (local)
exchange
A company which provides local telephone service is
called a local exchange carrier or LEC
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
59
Signaling
Signaling refers to the control functions performed to
setup a phone call.
Signaling between users and the local exchange in
the central office is quite simple: dial-tone, punch
numbers, put phone down, etc.
Signaling between exchanges/switches is more
complicated and is done via a separate network,
which uses packet switching.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
60
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
The switch prepares to accept dialed digits
and provides user with dial tone.
User then enter telephone number that
generates sequence of pulses or sequence of
tones.
Switch equipment converts these pulses or
tones into a telephone number.
The call setup procedure involves finding a
path from source to destination.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
61
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
Fig 12 shows a typical arrangement in a metropolitan
area.
Fig. 12: Routing in typical metropolitan area
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
62
Addressing and Routing
Each subscriber has an address (telephone number)
Addresses are hierarchical
Example: Dominos Pizza in downtown Charlottesville
1 804 979 2656
1
804
979
country code; area code; number of local exchange;
2656
Subscriber number
The information contained in a telephone address is exploited
when establishing a route from caller to callee.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
63
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
Central offices are connected by high-speed
digital transmission lines that correspond to a
group of trunks.
If two telephones are connected to same
central office, that is, two phones are
attached to switch A, then they are connected
directly by local switch.
If the two telephones are connected to different
central offices (that is, A and B), then a route
needs to be selected.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
64
THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
Consider end-to-end path that is set up
between source and destination telephones.
In the majority of cases, the telephones are
connected to their local telephone office with
a twisted pair of copper wires.
The voice signal flows in analog form from
the telephone to the telephone office.
The voice signal is converted into digital form
using PCM at line card interface where
copper wires connect to local telephone
switch.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
65
The digitized voice signal flows from that point
onward as a sequence of PCM samples over a path
that has been set up across network.
This path consists of reserved time slots in
transmission links that use TDM.
The transmission links connect digital switches in
which TSI arrangements have been made during call
set up.
Finally, at destination switch the received PCM signal is
converted back to analog form and transmitted to
destination telephone over the pair of copper wires.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
66
International standard organisations
for telecommunications
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
67
International Telecommunication
Union (ITU)
ITU is based in Geneva
Comprises, member countries, industrial companies and
international organizations.
1st July 1994- 3 main sectors
1st sector- Telecommunication Standardization Sector
(ITU-T) responsible for setting standards for public voice
and data services (formerly the remit of the Consultative
Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony or
CCITT)
2nd sector-Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) is
responsible for radio frequency spectrum management for
both space and terrestrial use to be performed by the
International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR).
3rd sector-The development sector (ITU-D) is responsible
for improving telecommunications equipment and systems
in developing countries.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
68
International Telecommunication
Union (ITU)
Organize conference on world and/or regional basis and
operate study group
G-Transmission systems and media, digital systems and
networks
H- Audiovisual and multimedia systems
I- Integrated services digital network
P-Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations,
local line networks
Q-Switching and signalling
R-Telegraph transmission
S-Telegraph services terminal equipment
U-Telegraph switching
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/publications/recs.html
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
69
Another Organization
International Organization for Standardization-
concerns on software issue
Main contribution of ISO -OSI 7 layers
International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC)hardware issue
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI)- developing wide range standards and other
technical documentation as Europes contribution to
worldwide standardization in telecommunications,
broadcasting and information technology.
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
70
End of Part 1
KNT 4073 Telecommunication Networks and
Services
71
