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8086 Microprocessor Memory Guide

This document discusses the key components of microprocessor-based personal computer systems, including memory, I/O devices, the microprocessor, and buses. It describes how memory is divided into the TPA, system area, and extended memory area. It explains that older 8086/8088 systems only have TPA and system memory while newer 80286-Pentium 4 systems also contain extended memory. It also outlines the functions of the microprocessor, address bus, data bus, and control bus in transferring data and executing instructions.

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456 views13 pages

8086 Microprocessor Memory Guide

This document discusses the key components of microprocessor-based personal computer systems, including memory, I/O devices, the microprocessor, and buses. It describes how memory is divided into the TPA, system area, and extended memory area. It explains that older 8086/8088 systems only have TPA and system memory while newer 80286-Pentium 4 systems also contain extended memory. It also outlines the functions of the microprocessor, address bus, data bus, and control bus in transferring data and executing instructions.

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hrrameshhr
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Microprocessors 8086

Ramesh H R
Asst.prof,Dept of TE
CIT, Ponnampet

THE MICROPROCESSOR-BASED
PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

The memory:
The memory structures of all Intel 80X86Pentium 4 personal computer systems are
similar.
This includes the first personal computers
based upon the 8088 introduced in 1981
by IBM to the most powerful high-speed
versions of today based on the Pentium 4..

The memory system is divided into three


main parts:
TPA (Transient Program Area),
system area, and
XMS (Extended Memory System).

The type of microprocessor in your computer determines


whether an extended memory system exists.
If the computer is based upon an older 8086 or 8088 (a PC
or XT), the TPA and system areas exist, but there is no
extended memory area.
The PC and XT contain 640K bytes of TPA and 384K bytes
of system memory, for a total memory size of IM bytes.

We often call the first IM byte of memory the real


or conventional memory system because each
Intel microprocessor is designed to function in this
area by using its real mode of operation.
Computer systems based on the 80286 through
the Pentium 4 not only contain the TPA (640K
bytes) and system area (384K bytes), they also
contain extended memory.
These machines are often called AT class
machines.

The TPA: The transient program area


(TPA) holds the DOS operating system
and other programs that control the
computer system.
The TPA also stores DOS application
programs. The length of the TPA is 640K
bytes..

The System Area: The system area


contains program on rather a ROM or
flash memory, and areas of RAM for data
storage.
Note: The video card in some computer
uses memory locations E1800000HE2FFFFFF in Windows for its video
memory aperture.

I/O devices:
The I/O devices allow the microprocessor to com-municate
between itself and the outside world.
The I/O space in a computer system extends from port
0000H to port FFFFH The I/O space allows the computer to
access up to 64K different 8-bit I/O devices.
The I/O area contains two major sections. The area below
I/O location 0400H is considered reserved for system
devices. The remaining area is available I/O space for
expansion on newer devices.

The Microprocessor:
The microprocessor, sometimes referred
to as the CPU (Central Processing Unit),
is the controlling element in a
computer.
The microprocessor performs three main
tasks: 1- data transfer between itself and
the memory or I/O system, 2- simple
arithmetic and logic operations, and 3program flow via simple decisions

Buses:
A bus is a number of wires organized to
provide a means of communication among
different elements in a microcomputer
system.
Address bus: the address bus is a group of 20-bit (A0A19). The address bus is unidirectional.
Data bus: the data bus is a group of 16 lines. These
lines are
Control bus: It contains lines that select the memory
or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write
operation.

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