By: Dr.
Anna Liza Casil-Cruz
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arthropods as Vectors
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas,
mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
May transmit diseases
(vectors)
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Figure 12.31, 32
Arthropods as Vectors
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Figure 12.33
Class
Order
Vector
Disease
Arachnida
Mites and ticks
Dermacentor
(tick)
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Ixodes (tick)
Lyme Disease, babesiosis,
ehrlichiosis
Ornithodorus
(tick)
Relapsing fever
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Class
Insecta
Order
Sucking lice
Fleas
True flies
True bugs
Vector
Disease
Pediculus
(human louse)
Xenopsylla (rat
flea)
Chrysops (deer
fly)
Aedes
(mosquito)
Anopheles(mosq
uito)
Culex
(mosquito)
Glossina (tsetse
fly)
Epidemic typhus
Triatoma
(kissing bug)
Chagas disease
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Emdemimurine typhus
Tularemia
Dengue fever, yellow fever
Malaria
Arboviral encephalitis
African trypanosomiasis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
(RMSF) is a tick-borne disease
caused by the
organism Rickettsia rickettsii.
Vector is Dermacentor
endemic in parts of North,
Central, and South America,
especially in the southeastern
and south-central United States
the hallmark of RMSF is a
petechial rash beginning on the
palms of the hands and soles of
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the feet
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
In adults with Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
(RMSF), the drug of
choice is doxycycline
Chloramphenicol is an
alternative, In vitro and in
ovo R rickettsii are also
susceptible to rifampin.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lyme Disease
due to systemic infection with the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi and the body's immune response to the infection.
The bacteria are inoculated into the skin by a tick bite, from ticks of
the genus Ixodes.
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Lyme Disease
Multiple lesions of erythema
migrans occur in approximately
20% of patients. A carpenter from
Nantucket who worked
predominantly outside had been
treated with Lotrisone for 1 week
before presenting to the
emergency department with the
rashes seen in this photo. The
patient had no fever and only mild
systemic symptoms. He was
treated with a 3-week course of
oral antibiotics
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pediculosis
Pediculus humanus is a species of lice that infects humans. It
comprises two subspecies:
Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, 1758 the body louse
Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 the head louse
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Pediculosis
Theheadlouse(Pediculus humanus capitis)is
anobligateectoparasiteofhumans.
Headlicearewinglessinsectsspendingtheirentirelifeon
humanscalpandfeedingexclusivelyonhumanblood.
The only agents approved by the FDA for treatment of
pediculosis are lindane and malathion.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dengue Fever
also known as breakbone
fever, is an infectious tropical
disease caused by the dengue
virus. Symptoms
include fever, headache, muscl
e and joint pains, and a
characteristic skin rash that
is similar to measles.
Dengue is transmitted by
several species
of mosquito within the genus
Aedes, principally A. aegypti.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prevention
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Plasmodium and Malaria
Malaria is one of the most important diseases of
mankind.
1.5 billion people (2/3 of the world's population)
live in endemic areas and are potential hosts.
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Classification:
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoea
Coccidia
Subclass
4 species infecting
humans:
Plasmodium
falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium
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Vector: Female mosquitoes (Anopheles) feed on
blood
Mode of Transmission: Per-cutaneous
Infective stage in humans: sporozoites
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Major stages in the life cycle
Vertebrate or Human or Asexual Phase
(Schizogony)
- Exo-erythrocytic cycle
- Erythrocytic cycle
Invertebrate or Mosquito or Sexual Phase
(Sporogony)
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Some Stages of Malaria in Anopheles
Feeding female
Anopheles
Exflagellation showing
microgametes
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2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Oocysts on outside of mosquito
stomach
Sporozoites from salivary
gland
Some Stages of Malaria in the human
Schizont
multinucleate form in
rbc
Trophozoite
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Gametocyte
Clinical Manifestations:
Malarial Paroxysm
Cold stage feeling of coldness and
apprehension w/ shivering
Hot stage the patient becomes hot and
flushed, w/ associated headache,
palpitations, tachypnea, nausea and thirst
Sweating stage defervecence or
diaphoresis sets in
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
Clinical
Presentation
Malignant
tertian
Benign tertian
Benign tertian
Quartan
Length of
asexual cycle
48 hrs or less
48 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
Infected RBC
size and
presence of
cytoplasmic
granules
Normal
Enlarged
Enlarged
Normal
Maurers dots
Schuffners dots Jamess dots
Trophozoites
Small rings w/ 1 Small and large
or 2 red
rings w/
chromatin dots amoeboid
activity
Small, more
solid rings
Small, more
solid rings with
narrow band
across the cell
# of merozoites
8-24, smaller
than other spp
4-12, forms a
rosette-like
structure
6-12, forms a
rosette-like
structure
Gametocyte
Banana-shaped Round, large
Round, small
Round,
compact
12-24 in 1-2
clumps, almost
fills the cell
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Zeimmans dots
Other signs and symptoms of
uncomplicated malaria:
Headache, body pain, anorexia, nausea,
vomitting, abdominal pain, pallor, enlarged
and tender spleen
Severe malaria:
Anemia, anoxia, pulmonary edema, anuria,
black water fever, cerebral malaria
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diagnosis:
Thick and thin blood smear
- several samples are taken
6-8 hrs apart to get as much
morphological stages as
possible
Serological test for
Plasmodium antigen
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Treatment:
Chloroquine-Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine
Primaquine prophylactic drug;
active against hypnozoites and
prevents relapses
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Prevention:
Early diagnosis and
treatment of cases
Vector control
Personal protection
against mosquitoes
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Trypanosoma cruzi
Causes American
Trypanosomiasis or
Chagas disease.
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Trypanosoma cruzi
.
VECTOR family Reduviidae
- genera Triatoma
- common names: assassin
bug, kissing bug,
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi
1. Inoculation of trypomastigotes into human:
(a) Chagoma
- inflammation of lymph nodes
in region of bite
(b) Unilateral orbital edema (Romana Sign)
- swelling (edema) of eye if bug feces are rubbed
into eye
2. Acute phase - occurs in children (age 5 or less)
- amastigotes quickly invade many body cells
including that of the heart (myocarditis) and brain
(meningoencephalitis)
3. Chronic Phase
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- invades the nervous, digestive systems and heart
Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi
MEGAESOPHA
GUS
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MEGACOL
ON
Treatme
nt:
No acceptable treatment
Nifurtimox and benznidazole partially
effective in acute cases
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ThankYou!
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