Repeater,hubs,bridge
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges,
Switches, Routers and
Gateways
(a) Which device is in which layer.
(b) TCP, Frame & packet header added by transport
network and data link layer.
Repeaters
Transmits
in both directions
Joins two segments of cable
No buffering
No logical isolation of segments
A signal appearing on one segment is
regenerated and put out on the other.
If two stations on different segments send
at the same time, packets will collide
Baseband Configuration
Hub, Bridge, Switch,
(a) A hub. (b) A bridge. (c) a switch.
LAN
A building with centralized wiring using hubs and a
switch.
HUB
A
hub has number of input lines
joined electrically so if two frames
arrive at the same time ,collision
occurs.
Frames arriving on any of the line
are sent out on all the others.
All lines coming to a Hub must
operate at same speed.
Hubs and Switches
Shared medium hub
Central hub
Hub retransmits incoming signal to all outgoing lines
Only one station can transmit at a time
With a 10Mbps LAN, total capacity is 10Mbps
Switched LAN hub
Hub acts as switch
Incoming frame switches to appropriate outgoing line
Unused lines can also be used to switch other traffic
With two pairs of lines in use, overall capacity is now
20Mbps
Switched Hubs
No change to software or hardware of devices
Each device has dedicated capacity
Scales well
Store and forward switch
Accept input, buffer it briefly, then output
Cut through switch
Take advantage of the destination address being
at the start of the frame
Begin repeating incoming frame onto output
line as soon as address recognized
May propagate some bad frames
Hubs and
Switches (diag)
switches
Switches
route the frame as per the
address supplied ,similar to bridges.
Most often used to connect individual
computers.
Switches provide buffer space for the
frames arriving on its ports.but if
frames arrive faster than
retransmission rate buffer ran out of
space and frames may be discarded.
Bridges and routers
Ability to expand beyond single LAN
Provide interconnection to other LANs/WANs
Use Bridge or router
Bridge is simpler
Connects similar LANs
Identical protocols for physical and link layers
Minimal processing
Router more general purpose
Interconnect various LANs and WANs
bridges
When
a frame arrives software in the
bridge extracts destination address
from frame header and looks it up in
the table
for where to send it(in ethernet 48-bit
destination address)
Spanning Tree Bridges
Two parallel transparent bridges.
Functions of a Bridge
Read
all frames transmitted on one
LAN and accept those addressed to
any station on the other LAN
Using MAC protocol for second LAN,
retransmit each frame
Why Bridge?
Reliability
Performance
Security
Geography
Bridge Operation
Bridge Design Aspects
No modification to content or format of frame
No encapsulation
Exact bitwise copy of frame
Minimal buffering to meet peak demand
Contains routing and address intelligence
Must be able to tell which frames to pass
May be more than one bridge to cross
May connect more than two LANs
Bridging is transparent to stations
Appears to all stations on multiple LANs as if they are on
one single LAN
Bridge Protocol Architecture
IEEE 802.1D
MAC level
Station address is at this level
Bridge does not need LLC layer
It is relaying MAC frames
Can pass frame over external comms system
e.g. WAN link
Capture frame
Encapsulate it
Forward it across link
Remove encapsulation and forward over LAN link
routers
When
a packet comes into a
router,header and trailer stripped
off .
Routing software uses packet header
to search for output line.
gateways
Needed
if end devices are using different
transport protocol.
Copy the packets of TX and reformat it
for the Rx.
Application gateways are needed to
translate the message format .
Email gateway translate internet
messages
Into SMS messages for mobile phones.
