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Introduction To Inheritance

This document introduces the concepts of inheritance and genetics. It summarizes that Gregor Mendel performed early experiments in inheritance by cross-breeding pea plants and observing traits passed to offspring. The key findings were that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, which occur in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. Offspring genotypes and phenotypes can be predicted through the use of Punnett squares by considering the parental genotypes and Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.

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Akhil Donapati
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46 views15 pages

Introduction To Inheritance

This document introduces the concepts of inheritance and genetics. It summarizes that Gregor Mendel performed early experiments in inheritance by cross-breeding pea plants and observing traits passed to offspring. The key findings were that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, which occur in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. Offspring genotypes and phenotypes can be predicted through the use of Punnett squares by considering the parental genotypes and Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Uploaded by

Akhil Donapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

to
Inheritance
Biology

Essential Question
How

are the traits of one generation


passed on to the next?

Objective:

We will predict possible


outcomes of monohybrid crosses.

How Genetics Began


The passing of traits to the next generation is called
inheritance, or heredity.
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics.

Mendel performed cross-pollination in pea plants.


Mendel followed various traits in the pea plants he bred.
Seed or pea color
Flower color
Seed pod color
Seed shape or texture
Seed pod shape
Stem length
Flower position

Parents and Offspring


The parent generation
is also known as the P
generation
The offspring of this P
cross are called the first
filial (F1) generation.
The second filial (F2)
generation is the
offspring from the F1
cross.

Genes in Pairs
An

alternative form of a
single gene passed from
generation to generation
is an allele.
Mendel called the form of
the trait that appeared in
the F1 generation
dominant.
Mendel called the form of
the trait that was masked
in the F1 generation
recessive.

Dominance

An organism with two


of the same alleles
for a particular trait
is homozygous.

Example: GG or gg

An organism with two


different alleles for a
particular trait is
heterozygous.

Example: Gg

Genotype and Phenotype

An organisms allele pairs


are called its genotype.

Remember: Genes are in


the genotype!

The observable
characteristic or outward
expression of an allele
pair is called the
phenotype.

Remember: Phenotype is
what you see!

Mendels Law of Segregation


Two alleles for each
trait separate during
meiosis
During fertilization,
two alleles for that
trait unite.
Heterozygous
organisms are called
hybrids.
Homozygous organims
are called purebreds.

Law of Independent
Assortment
Random distribution of
alleles occurs during
gamete formation
Genes on separate
chromosomes sort
independently

Happens during
Anaphase II in meiosis

Each allele
combination is equally
likely to occur.

Monohybrid Crosses and


Punnett Squares
A

cross that involves


hybrids for a single
trait is called a
monohybrid cross.
Punnett Squares
are used to predict
the possible
offspring of a cross
between two known
genotypes.

Crosses

Bb

Mother- Blue (bb)

Father- Brown
B
(BB)B

Brown

Bb
Brown

Bb

Bb

Brown

Brown

Father-

Brown

Eyes

BB

Mother

Blue Eyes

bb

Genotypic

ratio

0:1:0

Phenotypic

1:0

ratio

Crosses

Bb

Mother- Blue (bb)

Father- Brown (Bb)


B
b

Brown
Bb
Brown

bb
Blue

bb
Blue

Father-

Brown

Eyes

Bb

Mother

Blue Eyes

bb

Genotypic

ratio

0:1:1

Phenotypic

1:1

ratio

Father- Brown (Bb)


B
b
BB
Brown

Bb
Brown

Father-

Bb
Brown

bb
Blue

Brown

Eyes

Bb

Mother-

Brown

Eyes

Mother- Brown (Bb)

Crosses

Bb

Genotypic

ratio

1:2:1

Phenotypic

3:1

ratio

Remember
These

are Cornell notes, so

3 questions in the left hand column


Honors-

2 must be Costas level 2 or 3


Regulars- 1 must be Costas level 2 or 3

Summary at the bottom of the page

Baby Traits

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