BLOCK CIPHERS AND THE DATA
ENCRYPTION STANDARD
Presented by:
Chapter 3 Block Ciphers and the
Data Encryption Standard
A block cipher
encryption/decryption scheme in which a block of plaintext is
treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal
length.
Many block ciphers have a Feistel structure consisting of number of
identical rounds of processing.
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) has been the most widely used
encryption algorithm. It exhibits the classic Feistel structure and uses a 64bitblock and a 56-bit key.
Two important methods of cryptanalysis are differential cryptanalysis and
linear cryptanalysis.
Modern Block Ciphers
one of the most widely used types of
cryptographic algorithms
provide secrecy /authentication services
focus on DES (Data Encryption Standard)
use to illustrate block cipher design principles
3.1 Block Cipher
Principles
most symmetric block ciphers are based on a
Feistel Cipher Structure
needed as it can decrypt ciphertext to
recover messages efficiently
block ciphers look like an extremely large
substitution
would need table of 264 entries for a 64-bit block
To avoid the difficulties instead create from
smaller building blocks .
using idea of a product cipher
Block vs Stream Ciphers
block ciphers process messages in blocks,
each of which is then en/decrypted
like a substitution on very big characters
64-bits or more
stream ciphers process messages a bit or
byte at a time when en/decrypting
many current ciphers are block ciphers
have broader range of applications
Ideal Block Cipher
Claude Shannon and SubstitutionPermutation Ciphers
Claude Shannon introduced idea of
substitution-permutation (S-P) networks in
1949 paper
form basis of modern block ciphers
S-P nets are based on the two primitive
cryptographic operations seen before:
substitution (S-box)
permutation (P-box)
provide confusion & diffusion of message &
key
Confusion and Diffusion
cipher needs to completely conceal statistical
properties of original message
practically Shannon suggested combining S &
P elements to obtain:
diffusion dissipates statistical structure of
plaintext over bulk of ciphertext
confusion makes relationship between
ciphertext and key as complex as possible
Feistel Cipher Structure
Horst Feistel devised the feistel cipher
based on concept of invertible product cipher
partitions input block into two halves
process through multiple rounds which
perform a substitution on left data half
based on round function of right half & subkey
then have permutation swapping halves
implements Shannons S-P net concept
Feistel Cipher Structure
Feistel Cipher Design
Elements
block size
key size
number of rounds
subkey generation algorithm
round function
fast software en/decryption
ease of analysis
Feistel Decryption
Algorithm
3.2 Data Encryption Standard
(DES)
most widely used block cipher in world
adopted in 1977 by NBS -National Bureau of
Standards now NIST-National Institute of
Standards and Technology.
as FIPS PUB 46 (Federal Information Processing
Standard 46 ).
encrypts 64-bit data using 56-bit key
has widespread use
subject of controversy is its security.
DES History
IBM developed Lucifer cipher
by team led by Feistel in late 60s
used 64-bit data blocks with 128-bit key
then redeveloped as a commercial cipher with
input from NSA and others
in 1973 NBS issued request for proposals for a
national cipher standard
IBM submitted their revised Lucifer which was
eventually accepted as the DES
DES Design Controversy
although DES standard is public
was considerable controversy over design
in choice of 56-bit key (as Lucifer was 128-bit)
and classification of design criteria.
subsequent events and public analysis show
in fact design was appropriate
use of DES
especially in financial applications
still standardised for legacy application use
DES Encryption
Overview
Initial Permutation (IP)
first step of the data computation
IP reorders the input data bits
even bits to LH half, odd bits to RH half
quite regular in structure
example:
IP(675a6967 5e5a6b5a) = (ffb2194d
004df6fb)
DES Round Structure
uses two 32-bit L & R halves
as for any Feistel cipher can describe as:
Li = Ri1
Ri = Li1 F(Ri1, Ki)
F takes 32-bit R half and 48-bit subkey:
expands R to 48-bits using perm E
adds to subkey using XOR
passes through 8 S-boxes to get 32-bit result
finally permutes using 32-bit perm P
DES Round Structure
Substitution Boxes S
have eight S-boxes which map 6 to 4 bits
each S-box is actually 4 little 4 bit boxes
outer bits 1 & 6 (row bits) select one row of 4
inner bits 2-5 (col bits) are substituted
result is 8 lots of 4 bits, or 32 bits
row selection depends on both data & key
feature known as autoclaving (autokeying)
example:
S(18 09 12 3d 11 17 38 39) = 5fd25e03
DES Key Schedule
forms subkeys used in each round
initial permutation of the key (PC1) which
selects 56-bits in two 28-bit halves
16 stages consisting of:
rotating each half separately either 1 or 2 places
depending on the key rotation schedule K
selecting 24-bits from each half & permuting them
by PC2(permuted choice two) for use in round
function F
DES Decryption
Decrypt uses same alg.as encryption.
Only the application of the subkeys is
reversed.
Avalanche Effect
key desirable property of encryption alg
where a change of one input or key bit results
in changing approx half output bits
DES exhibits strong avalanche
3.3 Strength of DES Key
Size
56-bit keys have 2 = 7.2 x 10 values
56
16
brute force search looks hard
recent advances have shown is possible
in 1997 on Internet in a few months
in 1998 on dedicated h/w (EFF-Electronic Frontier
Foundation) in a few days
in 1999 above combined in 22hrs!
still must be able to recognize plaintext
must now consider alternatives to DES
Strength of DES Analytic
Attacks
now have several analytic attacks on DES
these utilise some deep structure of the cipher
by gathering information about encryptions
can eventually recover some/all of the sub-key bits
if necessary then exhaustively search for the rest
generally these are statistical attacks
include
differential cryptanalysis
linear cryptanalysis
related key attacks
Strength of DES Timing
Attacks
attacks actual implementation of cipher
use knowledge of consequences of
implementation to derive information about
some/all subkey bits
specifically use fact that calculations can take
varying times depending on the value of the
inputs to it
particularly problematic on smartcards
3.4 Differential
Cryptanalysis
one of the most significant recent (public)
advances in cryptanalysis .
Murphy, Biham & Shamir published in 90s
powerful method to analyse block ciphers
used to analyse most current block ciphers
with varying degrees of success
differential cryptanalysis compares two
related pairs of encryptions
Differential Cryptanalysis
Compares Pairs of Encryptions
Differential Cryptanalysis
have some input difference giving some
output difference with probability p
if find instances of some higher probability
input / output difference pairs occurring
can infer subkey that was used in round
then must iterate process over many rounds
(with decreasing probabilities)
Linear Cryptanalysis
another recent development
also a statistical method
must be iterated over rounds, with decreasing
probabilities
developed by Matsui et al in early 90's
based on finding linear approximations
can attack DES with 243 known plaintexts,
easier but still in practise infeasible
Linear Cryptanalysis
find linear approximations with prob p !=
P[i1,i2,...,ia] C[j1,j2,...,jb] =
K[k1,k2,...,kc]
where ia,jb,kc are bit locations in P,C,K
gives linear equation for key bits
get one key bit using max likelihood alg
using a large number of trial encryptions
effectiveness given by: |p1/2|
DES Design Criteria
as reported by Coppersmith in [COPP94]
7 criteria for S-boxes provide for
non-linearity
resistance to differential cryptanalysis
good confusion
3 criteria for permutation P provide for
increased diffusion
3.5 Block Cipher Design
basic principles is like Feistels in 1970s
number of rounds
more is better, exhaustive search best attack
function f:
provides confusion, is nonlinear, avalanche
have issues of how S-boxes are selected
key schedule
complex subkey creation, key avalanche
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