Oracle Instance Architecture
Leelakiran Saligrama
Oracle
Architecture
Overview
Oracle Architecture
The Oracle Server
O
r a
l e
Oracle Architecture
Instance Architecture
Instance
SGA
Shared pool
Library
Cache
Database
Buffer
Cache
Redo
Log
Buffer
Data
Dictionary
Cache
DBWR
LGWR
SMON
PMON
ARCn
RECO
CKPT
LCKn
SNPn
Dnnn
Snnn
Oracle Architecture
Instance
An
Oracle instance:
Is a means to access an Oracle database
Always opens one and only one database
Consists
of:
Internal memory structures
Processes
Oracle Architecture
Interaction with the Database (
CKPT
SMON
Dedicated Server
PMON
SGA
Shared SQL
Pool
Request
Database Buffer Cache
Redo log Buffer
Response
DBWR
LGWR
Dedicated
Server
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
ARCn
Oracle Architecture
Interaction with the Database (
CKPT
SMON
Shared Server
PMON
SGA
Shared SQL
Pool
Request
Database Buffer Cache
Redo log Buffer
Response
Dedicated
Dedicated
Server
Shared
Server
Servers
DBWR
LGWR
Dispatcher
User
User
Process
User
Process
User
Process
User
Process
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
ARCn
Oracle Architecture
Internal Memory Structures SGA
System or shared Global Area (SGA)
Database buffer cache
Redo log buffer
Shared pool
Request & response queues (shared server)
Oracle Architecture
Database buffer cache
Used to hold data blocks read from datafiles by server
processes
Contains dirty or modified blocks and clean or
unused or unchanged bocks
Dirty and clean blocks are managed in lists called the
dirty list and the LRU
Free space is created by DBWR writing out dirty
blocks or aging out blocks from the LRU
Size is managed by the parameter
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
Oracle Architecture
Least Recently Used (LRU)
LRU
and the database buffer cache
Every time a data block is read from disk it is placed
in the database buffer cache at the head of the LRU
list
If a block is already in the cache and it is read again
it is moved to the head of the list
Data not used frequently is aged out of the cache
while frequently used data remains
Oracle Architecture
Redo Log Buffer
A circular
buffer that contains redo entries
Redo entries reflect changes made to the database
Redo
entries take up contiguous, sequential
space in the buffer
Data stored in the redo log buffer is periodically
written to the online redo log files
Size is managed by the parameter
LOG_BUFFER
Default is 4 times the maximum data block size for
the operating system
Oracle Architecture
Shared Pool
Consists of multiple smaller memory areas
Library cache
Shared SQL area
Contains parsed SQL and execution plans for statements already run
against the database
Procedure and package storage
Dictionary cache
Names of all tables and views in the database
Names and datatypes of columns in the database tables
Privileges of all users
Managed via an LRU algorithm
Size determined by the parameter
SHARED_POOL_SIZE
Oracle Architecture
Least Recently Used (LRU)
LRU
and the shared pool
Every time a SQL statement is parsed it is placed in
the shared pool for reuse
If a SQL statement is already in the shared pool it
will not re-parse but it is placed at the head of the
LRU
SQL statements not used frequently are aged out
of the shared pool while frequently used statements
remain
A SQL statement may be artificially retained at the
head of the LRU by pinning the statement
Oracle Architecture
Internal Memory Structures PGA
Program or process Global Area (PGA)
Used for a single process
Not shareable with other processes
Writable only by the server process
Allocated when a process is created and deallocated
when a process is terminated
Contains:
Sort
area Used for any sorts required by SQL processing
Session information Includes user privileges
Cursor state Indicates stage of SQL processing
Stack space Contains session variables
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - DBWR
Writes
contents of database buffers to datafiles
Primary job is to keep the database buffer
clean
Writes least recently used (LRU) dirty buffers
to disk first
Writes to datafiles in optimal batch writes
Only process that writes directly to datafiles
Mandatory process
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - DBWR
DBWR
writes to disk when:
A server process cannot find a clean reusable buffer
A timeout occurs (3 sec)
A checkpoint occurs
DBWR cannot write out dirty buffers before they
have been written to the online redo log files
Oracle Architecture
Commit Command
The SQL command COMMIT allows users to
save transactions that have been made against
a database. This functionality is available for
any UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
transaction; it is not available for changes to
database objects (such as ALTER TABLE
commands)
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - LGWR
Writes
contents of redo log buffers to online
redo log files
Primary job is to keep the redo log buffer
clean
Writes out redo log buffer blocks sequentially
to the redo log files
May write multiple redo entries per write during
high utilization periods
Mandatory process
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - LGWR
LGWR
writes to disk when:
A transaction is COMMITED
A timeout occurs (3 sec)
The redo log buffer is 1/3 full
There is more than 1 megabyte of redo entries
Before DBWR writes out dirty blocks to datafiles
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - SMON
Performs
automatic instance recovery
Reclaims space used by temporary segments
no longer in use
Merges contiguous areas of free space in the
datafiles (if PCTINCREASE > 0)
SMON wakes up regularly to check whether it
is needed or it may be called directly
Mandatory process
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - SMON
SMON
recovers transactions marked as DEAD
within the instance during instance recovery
All non committed work will be rolled back by SMON
in the event of server failure
SMON makes multiple passes through DEAD
transactions and only applies a specified number of
undo records per pass, this prevents short
transactions having to wait for long transactions to
recover
SMON
primarily cleans up server-side failures
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - PMON
Performs
automatic process recovery
Cleans up abnormally terminated connections
Rolls back non committed transactions
Releases resources held by abnormally terminated
transactions
Restarts
failed shared server and dispatcher
processes
PMON wakes up regularly to check whether it
is needed or it may be called directly
Mandatory process
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - PMON
Detects
both user and server aborted database
processes
Automatically resolves aborted processes
PMON rolls back the current transaction of the
aborted process
Releases resources used by the process
If the process is a background process the instance
most likely cannot continue and will be shut down
PMON
primarily cleans up client-side failures
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - CKPT
Forces all modified data in the SGA to be written to
datafile
Updates the datafile headers
Occurs whether or not the data has been committed
CKPT does not actually write out buffer data only DBWR can
write to the datafiles
This ensures all datafiles are synchronized
Helps reduce the amount of time needed to perform
instance recovery
Frequency can be adjusted with parameters
Oracle Architecture
Background Processes - ARCH
Automatically
copies online redo log files to
designated storage once they have become full
Oracle Architecture
Server Processes
Services
a single user process in the dedicated
server configuration or many user processes in
the shared server configuration
Use an exclusive PGA
Include the Oracle Program Interface (OPI)
Process calls generated by the client
Return results to the client in the dedicated
server configuration or to the dispatcher in the
shared server configuration
Oracle Architecture
User Processes
Run
on the client machine
Are spawned when a tool or an application is
invoked
SQL*Plus, Server Manager, Oracle Enterprise
Manager, Developer/2000
Custom applications
Include
the User Program Interface (UPI)
Generate calls to the Oracle server
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
SMON
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
Database
Buffer
Cache
Redo
Log
Buffer
2
Dedicated
Server
UPDATE table
SET user = SHIPERT
WHERE id = 12345
DBWR
LGWR
1
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
Database
Buffer
Cache
Shared Pool
User
Process
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Dedicated
Server
SMON
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
LGWR
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
SMON
Database
Buffer
Cache
Redo
Log
Buffer
4
Dedicated
Server
DBWR
LGWR
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
Dedicated
Server
SMON
PMON
SGA
Database
Buffer
Cache
Redo
Log
Buffer
5
DBWR
LGWR
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
Dedicated
Server
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
SMON
Database
Buffer
Cache
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
LGWR
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
Dedicated
Server
SMON
SGA
Database
Buffer
Cache
PMON
7
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
LGWR
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
SMON
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Database
Buffer
Cache
Shared Pool
Dedicated
Server
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
LGWR
1 ROW UPDATED
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
SMON
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Database
Buffer
Cache
Shared Pool
Dedicated
Server
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
COMMIT
LGWR
10
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
PMON
SGA
Rollback
Segment
Database
Buffer
Cache
Shared Pool
Dedicated
Server
COMMIT
SUCCESSFUL
SMON
Redo
Log
Buffer
DBWR
LGWR
11
User
Process
Database Files
Redo Log Files
Oracle Architecture
Transaction Example - Update
CKPT
Rollback
Segment
Shared Pool
SMON
PMON
SGA
Redo
Log
Buffer
Database
Buffer
Cache
12
DBWR
Database Files
LGWR
Redo Log Files
