Training on Integrated Case
management of
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
Nov 9 - 13, 2009
Overview
of
Community-based
Management
of
Acute Malnutrition
(CMAM)
Recent History in the Management of
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
Traditionally, children with SAM are treated in
centre-based care: paediatric ward,
therapeutic feeding centre (TFC), nutrition
rehabilitation unit (NRU) or other in-patient
care sites
The centre-based care model follows the
World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines
for Management of Severe Malnutrition
Challenges of Centre-Based Care
Low coverage leading to late presentation
Overcrowding
Heavy staff work loads
Cross infection
High default rates due to need for long
stay
Potential for mothers to engage in high risk
behaviours to cover meals
What is Community-Based Management
of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM)?
A community-based approach to treat SAM
Most children with SAM without medical complications
can be treated as outpatients at accessible,
decentralised sites
Children with SAM and medical complications are
treated as in-patients
Community outreach for community involvement and
early detection and referral of cases
Also known as community-based therapeutic
care (CTC), ambulatory care, home-based care
(HBC) for the management of SAM
Recent History of CMAM
Response to challenges of centre-based care for the
management of SAM
2000: 1st pilot programme in Ethiopia
2002: pilot programme in Malawi
Scale up of programmes in Ethiopia (2003-4 Emergency),
Malawi (2005-6 Emergency), Niger (2005-6 Emergency)
Many agencies and governments now involved in CMAM
programming in emergencies and non-emergencies
E.g., Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan,
Kenya, Somalia, Sri Lanka
Over 25,000 children with SAM treated in CMAM
programmes since 2001 (Lancet 2006)
Core Components of CMAM
Components of CMAM
Community outreach
Outpatient care for the management of
SAM without medical complications
In-patient care for the management of SAM
with medical complications
Services or programmes for the
management of MAM
Core Components of CMAM
cont
1. Community Outreach:
Community assessment
Community mobilisation and involvement
Community outreach workers:
- Early identification and referral of children with
SAM before the onset of serious complications
- Follow-up home visits for problem cases
Community outreach to increase access and
coverage
N.B. Detail description will be presented by Concern CMAM SDWs tomorrow)
Core Components of CMAM
cont
2. Outpatient care for children with SAM without
medical complications at decentralised health
facilities and at home
Initial medical and anthropometry assessment with the start of
medical treatment and nutrition rehabilitation with take home
ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF)
Weekly medical and anthropometry assessments monitoring
treatment progress
Continued nutrition rehabilitation with RUTF at home
ESSENTIAL: a good referral system to in-patient care, based on Action Protocol
Core Components of CMAM
cont
3. In-patient care for children with SAM with
medical complications or no appetite
Child is treated in a hospital for stabilisation of
the medical complication
Child resumes outpatient care when
complications are resolved
ESSENTIAL: good referral system to outpatient care
Core Components of CMAM
cont
4. Services or programmes for the
management of moderate acute
malnutrition (MAM)
Supplementary Feeding / EOS
Principles of CMAM
Maximum access and coverage
Timeliness
Appropriate medical and nutrition care
Care for as long as needed
N.B.
Following these steps ensure maximum public health impact!
Key Principle of CMAM
Maximum access and coverage
Bringing treatment into the local health
facility and the home
Timeliness:
Early versus late presentation
Timeliness cont
Find children before
SAM becomes serious
and medical
complications arise
Good community
outreach is essential
Screening and referral
by outreach workers
(e.g., community health
workers [CHWs],
volunteers)
Appropriate Medical Treatment and
Nutrition Rehabilitation Based on Need
Care for as long as needed
Care for the management of SAM is provided as
long as needed (Maximum for 2 months for OTP)
Services to address SAM can be integrated into
routine health services of health facilities, if
supplies are present
Additional support to health facilities can be
added during certain seasonal peaks or during a
crisis
New innovations making
CMAM possible
RUTF
New classification of acute malnutrition
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
accepted as independent criteria for the
classification of SAM
Classification for the Community-Based
Treatment of Acute Malnutrition
Acute
Malnutrition
Severe Acute Malnutrition
SAM with medical
complications*
In-patient Care
Moderate Acute Malnutrition
SAM with out medical
complications*
Outpatient Care
Supplementary
Feeding
Relationship between outpatient
care and in-patient care
Complementary
In-patient care for the management of SAM with
medical complications until the medical condition is
stabilised and the complication is resolving
Different priorities
Outpatient care prioritises early access and coverage
In-patient care prioritises medical care and
therapeutic feeding for stabilisation
Thank you
Thank You
Worei Leke- Nebelet HC
