Power Quality during the late
90s
PQ was dominated by Fluke and LEM
Power Utilities has just started talking
about standards to be followed
National Power Corporation, Meralco main proponents in the utility
companies involved in setting up the
standards
A very few manufacturing companies
are aware of the need of PQ for their
facilities
Power Quality in the 2000s
More players came in (RPM, Dranetz-DMI,
Hioki, EIG, AEMC, Unipower, etc)
Philippine Grid Code was published and
started to be implemented (2001)
Philippine Distribution Code was published
and started to be implemented (2001)
TransCo was separated from the National
Power Corporation (2003)
National Power Corporation, TransCo,
Meralco - became models in the PQ
standardization
Power Quality in the 2000s
(cont..)
Privatization of the government
owned Power Plants
TransCo became the National Grid
Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)
Models for PQ originates from NGCP
and Meralco using the PGC and PDC
as basis for the standards
Manufacturing facilities engineers
became aware of the need to
implement PM involving PQ
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Power Quality Performance (Article
3.2)
System Frequency Deviation
Voltage Magnitudes Variations
Voltage Fluctuations
Harmonic Frequencies
Voltage Unbalance
Transient Voltage Variations
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Frequency Variations
Nominal Frequency 60 Hz
Maintain Frequency during normal
conditions
Limits: 59.4 Hz f 60.6 Hz
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Voltage Variations
Long Duration Voltage Variation
Duration greater than 1 minute
Undervoltage (RMS value is less than or
equal to 90% of the nominal value)
Overvoltage (RMS value is greater than or
equal to 110% of the nominal value)
95% RMS nominal voltage 105%
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Voltage Variations
Short Duration Voltage Variation
Duration greater than cycle but not
exceeding 1 minute
Voltage Swell (RMS value increases between
110% and 180% of the nominal value)
Voltage Sag (RMS value decreases between
10% and 90% of the nominal value)
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Voltage Fluctuation
Random amplitude changes of RMS value
between 90% to 110% of the nominal
voltage
Voltage fluctuation shall not exceed 1% of
the nominal voltage for every step change,
which may occur repetitively
Large voltage fluctuation other than a step
change maybe allowed up to 3% provided
will not put risk to the Grid or any User
system
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Flicker Severity
Short Term Flicker Severity (PST) short
duty cycle fluctuation,shall be
computed over a 10-minute period
Short Term Flicker Severity (PLT) long
and variable duty cycle fluctuation,
derived from PST levels
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Harmonics
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
ratio of the RMS value of the
harmonic content to the RMS value of
the fundamental quantity in percent
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Harmonics
Total Demand Distortion (TDD) ratio
of the RMS value of the harmonic
content to the RMS value of the rated
or maximum fundamental quantity in
percent
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Voltage Unbalance
Refers to negative sequence unbalance
factor or zero unbalance factor
Negative Sequence Unbalance Factor = Negative Sequence Components of
Voltages
Positive Sequence
Components of Voltages
Zero Sequence Unbalance Factor = Zero Sequence Components of Voltages
Positive Sequence Components of
Voltages
Compliance:
Voltage Unbalance 1% for 115 kV and above
Voltage Unbalance 2.5% for 69 kV and below
Grid Code PQ Requirements
Transient Voltage Variations
High frequency overvoltages shorter in duration
compared to short duration voltage variations
In-frequent short-duration may exceed levels of
harmonics limits provided such increases do
not compromise service to End-users or cause
damage to Grid equipment
In-frequent short-duration with a maximum
value of 2% maybe permitted for Voltage
Unbalance subject to terms of Connection
Agreement
END OF PRESENTATION
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