SAMPLING
A method by which some
units/items of a given
population/occurrence
are selected as
representatives of the
entire population.
Term used in Sampling
Population
Total number of
units/people/ occurrences
under study.
Element
Individual member/unit
of population
Sample frame
A known list of elements from
which the sample is actually
drawn.
Sample
Representative part of the
whole/population under
study.
Subset of the population that
represents the entire
population.
They have similar characteristics of
population.
Subject
Individual member of sample.
The Sampling Design Process
Define the
Population
Determine the Sampling Frame
Select Sampling Technique(s)
Determine the Sample Size
Execute the Sampling Process
Why sampling?
a.
Reduces costs, labour and time
b.
Quality Management/Supervision
c.
Accuracy and Reliability of Results
d.
Sampling may be the only way
(bulbs)
Deming argues that the quality of study is
often better with sampling than with
census.
Further he says that it is good to
Sampling Methods
Probability:
In which each and every member of the
population gets equal/non zero chance to become
the part of the sample.
Used when we know our elements
OR
population frame
Non probability:
In which every member/unit
from the population does not
get equal chance of being
selected in the sample.
Used when we do not know our elements
OR
population frame
Sampling
Probability
Non Probability
quota
Simple Random
cluster
stratified
snowball
judgment
systematic
nonsystematic
convenience
Probability sampling methods
Random Sampling Method
It is divided in to :
A. Systematic and
B. Non systematic
Systematic Random Sampling:
In which an initial starting point is selected
by a random process and than every nth
number is selected.
Example:
If we want to have a sample size
of 50 houses from the population
of 500, then we can have sample
from every 10th house.
Simple Random Sampling
This implies that every number is
selected independently of every
other element.
This method is equivalent to a lottery
system.
Stratified Sampling
Method
A probability sampling technique that
uses two step process to partition into
subpopulation or strata .
Divide sampling frame into
homogeneous subgroups (strata) e.g.
age-group, occupation etc.
Draw random sample in each strata.
Used for large population without distance e.g Study of
Students of Diff Departments of Karachi University.
Steps Involved in Stratified Sampling
1. Divide the population into stratas or groups.
2. Identify the population in each strata.
3. Select the number of respondents either
proportionately or disproportionately.
4. Select final respondents by applying simple
random sampling method
Selecting Numbers of Respondents by
Proportionate ( Size )
Larger the size of the group the more we select,
the smaller the size of strata the less we select.
Strata-1
Male 60 10% = 6
100 students: 10%
Total Population
Strata-2
Female 10% = 4
40
Cluster Sampling
Same as stratified, but used when
the population is large and
dispersed, e.g study of Faculty
Members in Universities of
Pakistan or study of the farmers
of Pakistan who are cultivating
wheat.
Cluster Sampling
Faculty Members in Pak Universities
Punjab
Male Female
Sindh
Male
Female
NWFP
Balochistan
Male Female Male Female
SeniorJuniorQualified
Non qualified
Non probability Sampling.
Each and every member from the population
does not get the equal chance of being
selected in the sample.
Convenience
Here the samples are drawn on the
convenience of the researcher.
According to most convenient
location, time, etc. respondents are
selected.
Convenience sampling may
misrepresent the population.
Judgment
In judgment sampling
researcher uses his/ her own
educated guess or judgment to
identify who will be in the
sample.
Snow ball
It is commonly used when it is difficult to
identify members of the desired population.
Make contact with one or two respondents in
the population. Ask these respondents to
identify further new respondents and so on.
And this process of obtaining data by initial
respondent , and then from referral to referral is
called as snow ball.
Quota
The quota sample establishes a specific
quota or percentage for various types of
individuals to be interviewed.
This can be included in prob and non
prob sampling.
Quota sampling may be viewed as two-stage restricted
judgmental sampling.
The first stage consists of developing control categories, or
quotas, of population elements (male and female).
In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on
convenience or judgment (if it is non prob sampling).
Population Composition
Sample
Control Characteristic Number
Male
600
Female
400
____
1000
Percentage
60
40
____
100
200
120
80
____
200
Strength and weakness of sampling
techniques
strength
weakness
Least expensive, least
time consuming, most
convenient
Selection biasness,
sample is not
representative of (P)
Judgmental
Low cost, convenient ,
less time consuming
Doesnt allow
generalization, subjective
instead of objective
Quota
Sample can be controlled
from certain
characteristics.
Selection bias, no
assurance of
representative.
Can estimate rare
characteristics
Time consuming
Convenience
Snow Ball
Strength and weakness of sampling
techniques
Simple
Random
Strength
Weakness
Easily understood, results
are projectable
Difficult to construct
sampling frame,
expensive, lower
precision, no assurance
of representative
Can increase representative Can decrease
ness, easier to implement,
representative
than Srs, Sampling frame
not necessary.
Includes all important
Systematic subpopulation, precision.
Difficult to select relevant
stratification variable,
expensive,not feasible to
verify many variables.
Stratified Cost effective ,
Low statistical efficiency
easy implement
Sample Size:
Factors to determine sample
size
1. Cost
2. Time
3. Importance of decision
4. Reliability requirements
5. Population size
6. Nature of the problem
7. Diversity of population
Sample size:
It is believed that larger the sample
size, greater the extent of the
reliability of data.
The size of sample depends on:
- The characteristics of population
- the type of info required
- The cost involved etc
Roscoe (1975) proposes the following rule of
thumb:
i.
Sample size larger than 30 and less than 500
are appropriate for most of the research.
ii.
Having a sample size of 5000 is not
necessarily better than having a sample size
of 500.
iii.
In UK, national surveys of house wives
buying habits, a sample size of 2000 was
used and same done in Europe.
Example:
In UK, more than 10 mln ballots were
mailed, of which 3 million were
returned. Of these, 41% supported
Theature and 55% favored
opponent .
But in actual Theature won.
Sample Sizes Used in Research
Studies
Type I and type II Error
If we have the sample size too small,
the sampling error might be so large
(hypotheses which is actually true will
be rejected) It is called type II error.
The other error the researcher makes is
to accept the hypothesis, when it is
actually false. This is known as type II
error.
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