AVR Microcontroller
Prepared by:
Eng. Ashraf Darwish
[email protected]
Session 5
Timers /
Counters
Introduction
We use timers everyday, we can timer simply
in our Digital clock.
AVR timers do a similar job, measuring a
given time interval.
An AVR timer in simplest term is a register
have a resolution of 8 or 16 bits .
8 bit timer is 8 bits wide, and is capable of
holding value within 0-255.
Introduction
16 bit timer is 18 bits wide, and is capable of
holding value within 0-65536
AVR Timers increases/decreases automatically
at a predefined rate (supplied by user).
The AVR timers are very useful as they run
asynchronous to the main AVR core
(independent to CPU)
Introduction
System Clock:
Microcontroller is a Sequential circuit which
need clock to operate
The clock source is the oscillator circuit,
AVR can be clocked internally or externally
ATmega 16 has internal oscillator of values
1,2,4,8,12 MHz
ATmega 16 can be clocked externally up to
16 MHz
Timer / Counter
what is the difference between timer
& counter?
Timer increases automatically after a
specific time interval determined by user
Counter increases manually according to
external events
Timer / Counter
Timer / counter Applications :
Digital Clock , Stopwatch , Alarm
Propeller Clock
Traffic light
Gate counters
Dimmer circuits (PWM)
Frequency generator
Frequency meter
Timer / Counter
Prescaler :
It is an internal device that divides the system
clock to slow down the input pulses
ATmega 16 timer has its prescaler which allow
Timer to run at many speeds, the same clock
speed and less ( not more )
Prescaler can divide the clk frequency by 1, 8, 64,
256 and 1024 .
Ex: If we are working on 1MHZ clock system and
we make the prescaler value 8 ,therefore the timer
input frequency will be 125 KHz
Timer / Counter
ATmega 16 has 3 timers
Two 8-bit timers (Timer0, Timer2)
One 16-bit timer (Timer1)
8-bit timer means it counts from
0X00 to 0XFF (0 to 255)
16-bit timer means it counts from
0X0000 to 0XFFFF (0 to 65535)
Timer / Counter
What about Timer speed ?
Timer speed determined by two parameters
Chip clk frequency ( internal or external oscillator )
Prescaler of the Timer
Ex : If our chip clk is 1MHz, and we used
prescaler of 8
therefore timer speed is 1/8 MHz (125KHz)
Which mean timer increases by 1 every 8 micro seconds
Timer / Counter
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
Modes of operation
Normal mode
Clear Timer on Compare match mode
(CTC)
Fast PWM
Phase correct PWM
In our Course we will talk about the first
two modes , Normal & CTC
Timer / Counter
Normal mode :
Timer counts from 0 (or initial value determined by
user ) to maximum value ( 0xff in case of 8-bit timer
)
When timer reaches to its maximum Over flow
event occurred .
When timer overflow occurred the timer resets its
value and starts from initial value again
Overflow flag (TOV0) is set after 0XFF we can here use
Timer overflow interrupt
Timer / Counter
CTC mode :
Timer counts from 0 (or initial value determined by
user ) to specific value (determined by user)
When timer reaches to this value compare match
event occurred
Then timer resets to its initial value again
OC0 pin can toggled on compare match
We can use compare match interrupt
Timer / Counter
Timer 0 registers :
1.
Timer counter register (TCNT0)
Output compare register (OCR0)
Timer/Counter control register
(TCCR0)
Timer interrupt mask register
(TIMSK)
Timer interrupt flag register (TIFR)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Timer / Counter
1.
Timer counter register (TCNT0):
The timer counts in this register
( Timer value at any time is saved in this
register)
We can put an initial value for the timer in this
register, in this case timer will start count from
this value
Timer / Counter
2.
Output compare register (OCR0):
This register is only used in CTC mode
It contains the top value that timer will count
to it
Timer restarts when TCNT0=OCR0
When compare match occurred it can generate
toggle signal output on OC0 pin
(pin 4)
Timer / Counter
3.
Timer/Counter control register (TCCR0)
Mode selection
Compare output mode
Prescaler
Bit7-FOC0: is only active in CTC or Normal mode
zero in PWM mode
Timer / Counter
Bits 0,1,2 : cs00,cs01,cs02 : choose the
prescaler value
Timer / Counter
Bit 6, Bit 3 WGM00, WGM01 : mode selection
Timer / Counter
Bits 5, Bit 4-COM00, COM01 (Compare Output
Mode)
Timer / Counter
4.
Timer interrupt mask register (TIMSK)
Output compare match interrupt enable
Timer Overflow
Interrupt enable
Bit 0 TOIE0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow
Interrupt Enable
Bit 1 OCIE0: Timer/Counter0 Output
Compare Match Interrupt Enable
Timer / Counter
5.
Timer interrupt flag register (TIFR)
Output compare match Flag
Timer Overflow Flag
Bit 0 TOV0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Flag
this bit is 1 when overflow occurred
Bit 1 OCF0: Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match
flag
this bit is 1 when compare match occurred
(TCNT0=OCR0)
Timer / Counter
How to make 1 second delay using
timer
(we will need it to make digital clock)
assume we are working on ATmega 16 and the
clock frequency is 1 MHz
If we use prescaler of 1 , that mean we divide chip
clk by one , therefore our timer frequency is 1 MHz
To make calculation easy we use CTC mode and ask
timer to count from 0 to 99 ( 100 clock )
Timer / Counter
How to make 1 second delay using timer
(we will need it to make digital clock)
as we can calculate the time of one count 1/f
timer
( 1 micro second ) , the 100 counts will take 100 micro
second
That means timer count from 0 to 99 in 100 micro
second , so we need to repeat this operation 10,000 times
Here we can use timer compare match interrupt to
calculate how many times the timer reached to its
compare match value
Timer / Counter
How to make 1 second delay using timer
(we will need it to make digital clock)
simply we declare a global variable (ex: long int x )
We make this variable increase every time the code enter the compare
match interrupt
Ex:
interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void)
{
x++;
If( x==10000)
{x=0; second++;}
}
Timer / Counter
How to use Counter
The counter button is connected to pin T0 (Pin 1)
when we use counter, bits 2,1,0 :
cs02,cs01,cs00 in TCCR0 register will be 1,1,0
for falling edge or 1,1,1 for rising edge
In this case counter only increase when you
press the button on T0, the value of counter is
saved in the register TCNT0
Timer / Counter
simple code :
#include <mega16.h>
int x=0, sec=0,min=0;
// Timer 0 output compare
interrupt service routine
interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void
timer0_comp_isr(void)
{
x++;
if(x==10000)
{x=0;
sec++;}
if(sec==60)
{sec=0;
min++;}
if(min==60) min=0;
}
void main(void)
{
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0xFF;
TCCR0=0x09;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x63;
TIMSK=0x02;
// Global enable interrupts
#asm("sei")
while (1)
{
PORTA=sec;
PORTB=min;
};
}
Timer / Counter
simple counter code :
#include <mega16.h>
void main(void)
{
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0xFF;
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: T0 pin Rising Edge
// Mode: CTC top=OCR0
// OC0 output: Disconnected
TCCR0=0x0F;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x0A;
TIMSK=0x00;
// Global enable interrupts
#asm("sei")
while (1)
{
PORTA=TCNT0;
};
}
Thank you
Contact:
http://www.facebook.com/groups/263197427113025
/
[email protected]
[email protected]
+201064897791
