1.
Describe
a three-stage framework for
choosing among alternative strategies.
2. Explain how to develop a SWOT Matrix,
SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix, IE Matrix, and
QSPM.
3. Identify important behavioral, political,
ethical, and social responsibility
considerations in strategy analysis and
choice.
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4.
5.
6.
Discuss the role of intuition in strategic
analysis and choice.
Discuss the role of organizational culture in
strategic analysis and choice.
Discuss the role of a board of directors in
choosing among alternative strategies.
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A manageable set of the most attractive
alternative strategies must be developed
The advantages, disadvantages, trade-offs,
costs, and benefits of these strategies should
be determined
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Identifying and evaluating alternative
strategies should involve many of the
managers and employees who earlier
assembled the organizational vision and
mission statements, performed the external
audit, and conducted the internal audit.
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Alternative strategies proposed by
participants should be considered and
discussed in a series of meetings.
Proposed strategies should be listed in
writing.
When all feasible strategies identified
by participants are given and
understood, the strategies should be
ranked in order of attractiveness.
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Stage 1 - Input Stage
summarizes
the basic input information
needed to formulate strategies
consists of the EFE Matrix, the IFE
Matrix, and the Competitive Profile Matrix
(CPM)
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Stage 2 - Matching Stage
focuses
on generating feasible alternative
strategies by aligning key external and
internal factors
techniques include the SWOT Matrix, the
Strategic Position and Action Evaluation
(SPACE) Matrix, the Boston Consulting
Group (BCG) Matrix, the Internal-External
(IE) Matrix, and the Grand Strategy Matrix
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Stage 3 - Decision Stage
involves
the Quantitative Strategic
Planning Matrix (QSPM)
reveals
the relative attractiveness of
alternative strategies and thus provides
objective basis for selecting specific
strategies
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The Strengths-Weaknesses-OpportunitiesThreats (SWOT) Matrix helps managers
develop four types of strategies:
SO
(strengths-opportunities) Strategies
WO (weaknesses-opportunities) Strategies
ST (strengths-threats) Strategies
WT (weaknesses-threats) Strategies
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SO Strategies
use
a firms internal
strengths to take
advantage of
external
opportunities
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WO Strategies
aim
at improving
internal weaknesses
by taking advantage
of external
opportunities
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ST Strategies
use
a firms
strengths to avoid or
reduce the impact of
external threats
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WT Strategies
defensive
tactics
directed at reducing
internal weakness
and avoiding
external threats
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List the firms key external opportunities
List the firms key external threats
List the firms key internal strengths
List the firms key internal weaknesses
Match internal strengths with external
opportunities
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6.
7.
8.
Match internal weaknesses with
external opportunities, and record
the resultant WO Strategies
Match internal strengths with
external threats, and record the
resultant ST Strategies
Match internal weaknesses with
external threats, and record the
resultant WT Strategies
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Strategic Position and Action Evaluation
(SPACE) Matrix
four-quadrant
framework indicates whether
aggressive, conservative, defensive, or
competitive strategies are most appropriate for a
given organization
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Two internal dimensions (financial position
[FP] and competitive position [CP])
Two external dimensions (stability position
[SP] and industry position [IP])
Most important determinants of an
organizations overall strategic position
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1.
Select a set of variables to define financial
position (FP), competitive position (CP),
stability position (SP), and industry position
(IP)
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2.
Assign a numerical value ranging from +1
(worst) to +7 (best) to each of the variables
that make up the FP and IP dimensions.
Assign a numerical value ranging from 1
(best) to 7 (worst) to each of the variables
that make up the SP and CP dimensions
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3.
4.
5.
Compute an average score for FP, CP, IP,
and SP
Plot the average scores for FP, IP, SP, and
CP on the appropriate axis in the SPACE
Matrix
Add the two scores on the x-axis and
plot the resultant point on X. Add the
two scores on the y-axis and plot the
resultant point on Y. Plot the
intersection of the new xy point
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6.
Draw a directional vector from the origin of
the SPACE Matrix through the new
intersection point
This vector reveals the type of strategies
recommended for the organization: aggressive,
competitive, defensive, or conservative
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BCG Matrix
graphically
portrays differences among divisions
in terms of relative market share position and
industry growth rate
allows a multidivisional organization to manage its
portfolio of businesses by examining the relative
market share position and the industry growth rate
of each division relative to all other divisions in the
organization
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Question marks Quadrant I
Organization
must decide whether to strengthen
them by pursuing an intensive strategy (market
penetration, market development, or product
development) or to sell them
Stars Quadrant II
represent
the organizations best long-run
opportunities for growth and profitability
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Cash Cows Quadrant III
generate
cash in excess of their needs
should be managed to maintain their strong
position for as long as possible
Dogs Quadrant IV
compete
in a slow- or no-market-growth industry
businesses are often liquidated, divested, or
trimmed down through retrenchment
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The major benefit of the BCG Matrix is that it
draws attention to the cash flow, investment
characteristics, and needs of an
organizations various divisions
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The IE Matrix is based on two key
dimensions: the IFE total weighted scores on
the x-axis and the EFE total weighted scores
on the y-axis
Three major regions
Grow
and build
Hold and maintain
Harvest or divest
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Grand Strategy Matrix
based
on two evaluative dimensions: competitive
position and market (industry) growth
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Quadrant I
continued concentration on current markets
(market penetration and market
development) and products (product
development) is an appropriate strategy
Quadrant II
unable to compete effectively
need to determine why the firms current
approach is ineffective and how the
company can best change to improve its
competitiveness
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Quadrant III
must make some drastic changes quickly to
avoid further decline and possible liquidation
Extensive cost and asset reduction
(retrenchment) should be pursued first
Quadrant IV
have characteristically high cash-flow levels
and limited internal growth needs and often
can pursue related or unrelated
diversification successfully
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Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix
(QSPM)
objectively
indicates which alternative strategies
are best
uses input from Stage 1 analyses and matching
results from Stage 2 analyses to decide
objectively among alternative strategies
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1.
2.
3.
Make a list of the firms key external
opportunities/threats and internal
strengths/weaknesses in the left column
of the QSPM
Assign weights to each key external and
internal factor
Examine the Stage 2 (matching)
matrices, and identify alternative
strategies that the organization should
consider implementing
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4.
5.
6.
Determine the Attractiveness Scores (AS)
Compute the Total Attractiveness Scores
Compute the Sum Total Attractiveness
Score
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Sets of strategies can be examined
sequentially or simultaneously
Requires strategists to integrate pertinent
external and internal factors into the decision
process
Can be adapted for use by small and large
for-profit and nonprofit organizations
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Always requires intuitive judgments and
educated assumptions
Only as good as the prerequisite information
and matching analyses upon which it is based
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Political maneuvering consumes valuable
time, subverts organizational objectives,
diverts human energy, and results in the loss
of some valuable employees
Political biases and personal preferences get
unduly embedded in strategy choice decisions
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The hierarchy of command in an organization,
combined with the career aspirations of
different people and the need to allocate
scarce resources, guarantees the formation of
coalitions of individuals who strive to take
care of themselves first and the organization
second, third, or fourth
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Board of directors
a
group of individuals who are elected by the
ownership of a corporation to have oversight and
guidance over management and who look out for
shareholders interests
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1.
2.
3.
4.
No more than two directors are
current or former company executives
The audit, compensation, and
nominating committees are made up
solely of outside directors
Each director owns a large equity
stake in the company, excluding stock
options
Each director attends at least 75
percent of all meetings
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5.
6.
7.
8.
The board meets regularly without
management present and evaluates its
own performance annually
The CEO is not also the chairperson of
the board
Stock options are considered a corporate
expense
There are no interlocking directorships
(where a director or CEO sits on another
directors board)
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