Session 1
RDBMS Concepts
The Role of Data
to Identify
to Explain
to Administer
to Plan
to Monitor
to Decide
to Analyze
to Implement
What is a DBMS??
Database
s
d
r
o Shane
A003 Allen
A007
c
e
R
d
A004 Brian
te A008 Ricky
a
l
Re
Retrieve Data
Update Data
Insert Data
Delete Data
DBMS
Benefits of DBMS
The amount of redundancy in the stored
data can be reduced
No more inconsistencies in data
The stored data can be shared
Standards can be set and followed
Data integrity can be maintained
Security of data can be implemented
Database Models
RDBMS
Relational
Database
Applications for
interacting with
data in DB
RDBMS
A suite of S/W
programs to
create, maintain
DB
Users of RDBMS
Database
Administrators
End Users
Application Programmers
Introduction to SQL Server 2000
SQL Server 2000 comes in various
editions like:
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
Server
Server
Server
Server
Server
Server
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Enterprise Edition
Standard Edition
Personal Edition
Developer Edition
Desktop Engine
Windows CE Edition
Relational features of SQL Server
2000
Relational features of SQL Server
2000
SQL - Structured Query Language
SQL is probably one of the simplest languages you will ever
learn. It is also very simple to underestimate. DONT!!! This
is arguably the most powerful language you will learn.
SQL is a set oriented language. It was designed and built to
manage groups of data.
ER Diagram - Entity Relationship diagram
An ER Diagram, also known as a database schema, gives
you a graphical depiction of the database you are working
with.
SQL Server 2000 features (1)
Easy Installation
Integration with Internet
Supports Client/Server model
Operating System Compatibility
SQL Server 2000 features (2)
SQL Server 2000 OS support
Operating System
Enterprise
Edition
Standard
Edition
Personal
Edition
Developer
Edition
Desktop
Engine
SQL
Server
CE
Enterprise
Evaluation Edition
Microsoft Windows
98
Windows NT 4.0
Workstation
N/A
N/A
Supported
N/A
Supported
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Windows NT 4.0
Server
Microsoft Windows
NT 4.0 Server,
Enterprise Edition
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Windows 2000
Professional
N/A
N/A
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Windows 2000
Server
Windows 2000
Advanced Server
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Microsoft Windows
2000 DataCenter
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
Supported
N/A
Supported
Microsoft Windows
CE
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SQL Server Client/Server system
e
v
r
Se
Client Software
SQL Server
Database Software
Network connection software
using Inter Process Communication
Client/Server mechanism
ODBC
ODS
SQL Server as a Desktop
Database System
SQL Server Databases
SQL Server Database Objects
SQL Server Security
Permission Validation Process
The E-R Model(1)
It is a conceptual model of the database
Here, a system is composed of related
entities
Database
Designer
Tables
identified
End User
Components of E-R Model
Entity
Attributes
A description
A Property
Relationship
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entity
Attribute
Relationship
Types of Relationships
1
Ha
s1
C_Code
One to One
1:1
One to Many 1: N
Many to Many N:M
Customer
Place
s
Item
N
Contain
s
Order
ERD and Database Design
Entities
Tables
Identifies
Database
Designer
Attributes
Fields
Relations
Creating Tables - Normalization
Points to Note
Well defined relationship between tables
Unnecessary or redundant data kept
away.
Group related data
Achieved through a technique
called Normalization
Characteristics of a normalized
database
PUBS DATABASE
stor_id
ord_num
ord_date
qty
payterms
title_id
sales
c har(4)
varc har(20)
datetime
smallint
varc har(12)
varc har(6)
stor_id = stor_id
stores
stor_id
c har(4)
stor_name
varc har(40)
stor_address varc har(40)
city
varc har(20)
state
c har(2)
zip
c har(5)
stor_id = stor_id
title_id = title_id
titleauthor
au_id
varc har(11)
title_id
varc har(6)
au_ord
tinyint
royaltyper int
au_id = au_id
authors
au_id
varc har(11)
au_lname varc har(40)
au_fname varc har(20)
phone
c har(12)
address
varc har(40)
c ity
varc har(20)
state
c har(2)
zip
c har(5)
c ontrac t
bit
title_id = title_id
title_id
title
type
pub_id
pric e
advanc e
royalty
ytd_sales
notes
pubdate
titles
varc har(6)
varc har(80)
c har(12)
c har(4)
money
money
int
int
varc har(200)
datetime
title_id = title_id
roysched
title_id
varc har(6)
lorange int
hirange int
royalty
int
pub_id = pub_id
publishers
pub_id
char(4)
pub_name varc har(40)
c ity
varc har(20)
state
char(2)
c ountry
varc har(30)
discounts
disc ounttype varc har(40)
stor_id
c har(4)
lowqty
smallint
highqty
smallint
disc ount
decimal
pub_id = pub_id
employee
emp_id
c har(9)
fname
varc har(20)
minit
c har
lname
varc har(30)
job_id
smallint
job_lvl
tinyint
pub_id
c har(4)
hire_date datetime
job_id = job_id
job_id
job_desc
min_lvl
max_lvl
jobs
smallint
varc har(50)
tinyint
tinyint
pub_id = pub_id
pub_info
pub_id c har(4)
logo
image
pr_info text
authors_tmp
au_lname varc har(40)
au_fname varc har(20)
phone
char(12)
address
varc har(40)
c ity
varc har(20)
state
char(2)
zip
char(5)
DATABASE
At the most basic level a database is really just a file.
Databases come in all shapes and sizes. Some are large and
some are small. But each database generally serves a particular
purpose.
Examples: Tracking employee payroll, sales data on a particular
sales line, stock data for a particular industry
All databases are made up of objects. The most important
object (and the one we will learn how to use in this class) is a
table.
When to use Normalization??
Features of tables
Each table must have unique name
Each row in the table must be unique and
describe one set of related information about the
subject of the table.
Each column or field describes a single
characteristic of an entity.
Column name must be unique within the table.
The order of rows or columns is not significant.
TABLES
A table is a storage structure made up of rows and columns.
(Sort of like a spreadsheet.)
Due to the differing terminologies, there are interchangeable
sets of terms:
Database
Table
Row
Column
Mathematical Data Processing
Relation
Tuple
Attribute
File
Record
Field
These terms are used interchangeably, but we will generally use
the table row column terminology
TABLES
You will also hear a table referred to as an
entity. (Hence the name Entity
Relationship Diagram)
In the most basic sense, an entity is a
person, place, thing, or idea.
Entities usually become tables
Example: books, publishers, titles, authors
Design SQL Server Tables
What tables are needed
Type of data in each table
Restrictions on data
Keys
Default values
Indexes
Null values
Creating Tables
NAMING A TABLE
Up to 30 characters
No blanks
Underscore is permitted
Must be unique within the database
Keep abbreviations to a minimum
Names should reflect the contents of the table
NAMING A COLUMN
Up to 30 characters
No blanks
Underscore is permitted
Must be unique within the table
Keep abbreviations to a minimum
Names should reflect the contents of the column
Names should be readily recognizable
Data types
Determine what type of data will be stored
Find the range of possible values
Determine the accuracy of numeric
columns
Efficiency
Utilize user defined datatypes to enforce
consistency
Data types
System defined data types
DATATYPES
Exact Numeric
Stores data with a specific accuracy
Approximate numeric
Stores data with accuracy dependent upon
calculations performed
Money
:
Monetary data
Date and time :
Storage of dates and times
Character
:
Alphanumeric data
Binary
:
Images, byte and bit values
NUMERIC DATATYPES
Tinyint
Whole numbers between 0 and 255
1 byte of storage
Smallint
Whole numbers between -32678 and
32677
2 bytes of storage
NUMERIC DATATYPES
numeric(p,s)
decimal(p,s)
Decimals between -1038 and 1038-1
2 to 17 bytes
Decimals between -1038 and 1038-1
2 to 17 bytes
s = number of digits to the right of the
decimal
p = total number of digits
Float(p)
Floating point numbers
4 or 8 bytes of storage
double precision
floating point numbers
8 bytes of storage
real
floating point numbers
4 bytes of storage
Money
-922,337,203,685,477.5808 to
922,337,203,685,477.5807
8 bytes of storage
SmallMoney
-214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647
4 bytes of storage
Accurate up to 4 decimal places, but
are rounded to 2 places when
displaying
1/1/1753 to 1/31/9999
8 bytes of storage
Smalldatetime
1/1/1900 to 6/6/2079
4 bytes of storage
There is no separate datatype for just times
Time is stored along with a date with an accuracy of
1/300th of a second
Due to the limitation on the range of data, a
smalldatetime should no longer be used.
Dates and times can be entered into these columns
using a wide variety of date and time formats
The default display type is determined from the default
language for the server
Datetime
Due to the limitation on the range of
data, a smalldatetime should no
longer be used.
Dates and times can be entered into
these columns using a wide variety
of date and time formats
The default display type is
determined from the default
language for the server
char(n) and nchar(n)
Fixed length alphanumeric data
n bytes of storage
varchar(n) and nvarchar(n)
Variable length alphanumeric data
actual length of data
Char datatypes provide a small performance
benefit over varchar.
If the data size is predictable or 8 characters or
less, use a char
nchar and nvarchar are used to store multi-byte
characters such as Chinese and Japanese
Text
Unbounded alphanumeric data
16 bytes for an address + multiples
of 2K
Bit
Binary(n)
up to 255 bytes
n bytes of storage
Varbinary
0 or 1
1 byte of storage
up to 255 bytes
actual length of data
Image
up to 231-1 bytes
16 bytes address + multiples of 2K bytes of
storage
The text and image datatypes are used to
store large amounts of data
Text is used for alphanumeric data
Image is used for binary data
It is highly recommended that you
avoid this two datatypes if at all
possible
They can cause a serious performance
problem as well as a space problem.
Support for them is very limited
(specialized functions are required to
manipulate them)
User Defined data types
Example: You can create a user-defined data type named PI
that would consist data for the six digit pin number.
This data data type can be used whenever there is need for
storing pin numbers
You add new types with sp_addtype
exec sp_addtype MyInt int not
null
This says to create a new type called MyInt
that is based upon an integer and can not
be null
exec sp_addtype MyChar char(6) not
null
This is a new type called MyChar that can
contain up to 6 characters and can not be null
Use sp_droptype and sp_helptype to drop and
return information about user datatypes
Modifying Tables
Add Rows
INSERT [INTO] <Table_name> VALUES <values>
Insert into Room values(R001,10,AC)
Insert into Room(RNO,Capacity) values(R001,10)
-If The Type=Null( Defined Previously) OR
- If the Type Defined as Some Default Value(AC)
Modifying Tables
Update Rows
UPDATE <Table_name> SET <Column_name = Value>
WHERE <Search_Condition>
Update Room set capacity=12 (The Capacity of All
the Record will be 12)
Update Room set capacity=12 Where
Rno=R001(The Capacity of the Record will be 12
where Room No=R001)
Multiple Fields/Columns Can be updated using one
Update Command
Modifying Tables
Delete Rows
DELETE FROM <Table_name> WHERE <Search_Condition>
Delete From ROOM ( All the Rows will be deleted)
Delete From ROOM where RNO=R001 ( Only
R001 Row will be deleted)
Viewing the Tables
Syntax: To view the information on a table using a stored
procedure.
Sp_help <Table_name>
Sp_help Student
Syntax: To view the data in the table.
SELECT <Select_list> FROM <Table_Name>
Select Roll, Name, City FROM Student
Removing tables
