CTC 450 Review
Water
Quality
CTC 450
Water
Distributio
n Systems
Objectives
Understand water & pressure requirements
Know the basics of providing water for fire
protection requirements
Understand the layout of water distribution
systems
Understand the basics of well construction
and intake structures
Understand the basic types of pipes
Understand the basic types of valves
3
Water Requirements
Yearly
average consumption is 110
gallons per person per day.
Consumption is highly variable
Design of water systems must
account for variation in municipal
water consumption and water
needed for fighting fires
Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
Rate
of water flow required for fire
fighting to confine a major fire to the
building within a block or other group
complex with minimal loss.
NFF Calculation
Based
on construction, occupancy,
exposure and communication of each
building in a building complex (see
section starting on page 164)
Practical Limits
Flow range could be 500 gpm
(minimum) to 3500 gpm
Automatic sprinklers are effective
and minimize flows that must be
required
Water Supply Capacity
Gravity
system is preferable (more
reliable)
Pumping systems should be designed
for reliability (electrical supply should
be provided by 2 separate lines from
different directions)
Distribution System
Systems
should be made redundant
by interconnecting pipes into loops.
Valves should be placed to allow
repairs with minimal disruption to
surrounding
Fire hydrants should be installed at
locations convenient for the fire
department
9
Sources of Water
Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic
rotary or cable-tool percussion
http://www.thewaterexperts.com/goodsservices.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling
Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or
reservoirs)
10
Piping Network
Networks
consist of storage
reservoirs, main, booster pumping
stations, fire hydrants and service
lines
Provide redundancy via grids and
loops
11
Service Connections
Corporation
Stop connection from the
distribution main (can be connected
while the main is pressurized and in
service)
Installation
http://www.freeed.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?
iNum=fra0204
12
13
14
Kinds of Pipe
Ductile
iron
Plastic (HDPE/PVC)
Concrete
Steel
Residential (copper or plastic)
15
Pipe Strength
Different
pipes have different sizes
and thicknesses
Must use correct pipe to handle
trench depth, bedding type, and live
loads
Must place pipe below the frost line
to prevent freezing/breakage
16
Joints
Compression
Mechanical
Flanged
Solvent
Soldered
17
Distribution Storage
Use
consumption curves to
determine storage needed
Look closely at example 6-5
18
19
Valves
Gate/Butterfly/Swing
Check
(flow in one direction)
Automatic
Pressure-Reducing Valves
Solenoid
20
Gate Valve
21
Butterfly Valve
22
Swing Valve
23
Other Valves
Check Valve (permits water flow in only
one direction)
Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers
pressure)
Altitude Valves (controls flow into and
out of a storage tank)
Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via
electric current)
Air release Valve
24
Fire Hydrants
25
Evaluating Distribution
Systems
Quantity
Supply
+ storage must meet current
daily demands (& future anticipated
demands 10 years in the future
Reservoirs should have 30-day storage
capacity
Wells should not mine water
26
Evaluating Distribution
Systems
Intake Capacity
Intake
structures
must be designed large enough to
handle demand
Must be reliable
27
Evaluating Distribution
Systems
Pumping Capacity
Pumps
(should be reliable)
From source to water treatment plant
From water treatment plant clear-well to
distribution system
Booster pumping stations
28
Evaluating Distribution
Systems
Piping Network
Design
life 40-50 years (actual 50-
100)
Large mains -12
Submains-6 or 8
29
