Programming
Fundamentals
Lecture 01
Introduction
Course Policy
Policy for the distribution of marks and
examination is as follows:
Class performance & attendance
10 marks
Presentation
05 marks
Assignment
05 marks
Midterms
30 marks
Final
50 marks
Program
A program is a precise sequence of steps to
solve a particular problem.
Alan Perlis Yale
University
It goes against the grain of modern
education to teach children to program.
What fun is there in making plans, acquiring
discipline in organizing thoughts, devoting
attention to detail and learning to be selfcritical.
Critical Skills
Analysis
Critical Thinking
Attention to Detail
Design Recipe
To design a program properly, we must:
Analyze a problem statement, typically
expressed as a word problem.
Express its essence, abstractly and with
examples.
Formulate statements and comments in a precise
language.
Evaluate and revise the activities in light of
checks and tests.
Computers are
STUPID
Humans are even more.
Skills Needed for Programming
Think Reuse
Think User Interface
Comments liberally
Think Reuse
Area of the Ring
Inner Circle
Outer Circle
Area of Outer Circle
____Area of Inner Circle=
Area of the Ring
Software categories
System software
Communicates with computer hardware and controls
different aspects operations. Sub categories are:
System
Software
Device Drivers
Utilities
Software categories
Application software
A group of program design for end user.
e.g. Payroll Systems, MS Word, Accounting Systems.
Tools of Trade
Compiler & interpreter
Compiler & interpreter are the translators to translate
programming language into machine language.
Interpreters translates the program line by line
meaning it reads one line of program and translates it,
then it reads second line, translate it and so on.
The Compiler read the whole program and translates it
into machine language completely.
Home work
What is difference between Compiler and interpreter ?
Tools of Trade (cont.)
Editors
It is a tool for writing the code of program.
Debugger
Corrects Logical errors during the execution of program.
Linker
Links the program with routines and functions located on other file.
Loader
Load the program in main memory and instruct the processor to execute
the program from first instruction.
Programming Fundamentals
Lecture 02
Basic Syntax
# include <iostream.h>
main()
{
cout << "Welcome to Indus University ";
}
Basic Syntax
# include <iostream.h>
# include is pre-processor directive. It is an instruction to compiler to
add file iostream.h
<iostream.h>
Name of the library definition file for all Input Output Streams.
main()
main is actually the one which is run when your program is used.
{}
Braces allows to group together pieces of a program.
cout
cout takes data from computer and sends it to the output.
<<
The sign << indicates the direction of data. Here it is towards cout and the
function ofcout is to show data on the screen.
<<
The sign << indicates the direction of data. Here it is
towards cout and the function ofcout is to show data on the
screen.
Welcome to Indus University
The thing between the double quotes ( ) is known as
character string. In C++ programming character strings
are written in double quotes.
;
All C statements end with semicolon (;). Missing of a
semicolon (;) at the end of statement is a syntax error and
compiler will report an error during compilation.
Variables
Name of locations in memory for storing data.
Variable
Picture of the memory
25
name
10323 of the
variable
Variable
Variable starts with
1. Character
2. Underscore _ (Not Recommended)
Variable
Small post box
Variables
In a program every variable has
Name
Type
Size
Value
Scope of variable
A scope is a region of the program, where variables can be
declared:
There are three scopes to declare a variable
Inside a function or a block which is called local variables.
In the definition of function parameters which is called formal
parameters.
Outside of all functions which is called global variables.
Local Variable
Variables that are declared inside a function or block are local variables.
They can be used only by statements that are inside that function or block
of code. Local variables are not known to functions outside their own.
#include <iostream.h>
void main ()
{
// Local variable declaration:
int a, b; int c;
// actual initialization
a = 10; b = 20;
c = a + b;
cout << c;
}
Global variable
Global variables are defined outside of all the functions, usually on top of the
program. The global variables will hold their value throughout the life-time of your
program.
include <iostream.h>
// Global variable declaration:
int g;
void main ()
{
// Local variable declaration:
int a, b;
// actual initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
g = a + b;
cout << g;
}
Assignment Operator
=
x=2
X
Assignment Operator
L.H.S = R.H.S.
X+ 3 = y + 4 Wrong
Z = x +4
x +4 = Z
Wrong
X = 10 ;
10
30
X = 30 ;
X = X + 1;
10
+ 1
= 11
Data types
Adata typedetermines what type of values an object can
have and what operations can be performed.
Reserve words.
Data type
int i ; ->
Declaration line
Data types
Type
Keyword
Boolean
bool
Character
char
Integer
int
Floating point
float
Double floating point
double
Valueless
void
Data types their size and
range
Type
Typical Bit Width
Typical Range
char
1byte
-127 to 127 or 0 to 255
unsigned char
1byte
0 to 255
signed char
1byte
-127 to 127
int
4bytes
-2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned int
4bytes
0 to 4294967295
signed int
4bytes
-2147483648 to 2147483647
short int
2bytes
-32768 to 32767
unsigned short int
Range
0 to 65,535
signed short int
Range
-32768 to 32767
long int
4bytes
-2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
signed long int
4bytes
same as long int
unsigned long int
4bytes
0 to 4,294,967,295
float
4bytes
+/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
double
8bytes
+/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
long double
8bytes
+/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int x ;
int y ;
int z ;
x = 10 ;
y = 20 ;
z=x+y;
cout << " x = " ;
cout << x ;
cout << " y = " ;
cout << y ;
cout << " z =x + y = " ;
cout << z ;
Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform
specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Misc Operators
Arithmetic operators
Plus
Minus
Multiply
Divide
Modulus
+
*
/
%
Arithmetic operators
i+j
x*y
a/b
a%b
% = Remainder
5%2=1
2%2=0
4/2=2
5/2=?
Precedence
Highest:
()
Next:
*,/,%
Lowest:
+,
