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Memory: The Persistence of Learning Over Time Through The Storage and Retrieval of Information

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory stores initial sensory inputs, short-term memory can hold 7 ± 2 items for about 20 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over longer periods of time through encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. The ability to recall or recognize information depends on how it is encoded and the context in which it is learned.

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33 views21 pages

Memory: The Persistence of Learning Over Time Through The Storage and Retrieval of Information

Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory stores initial sensory inputs, short-term memory can hold 7 ± 2 items for about 20 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over longer periods of time through encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. The ability to recall or recognize information depends on how it is encoded and the context in which it is learned.

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Memory

The persistence of learning over


time through the storage and
retrieval of information.

Take out a piece of paper..


Name the seven
dwarves..

Now name them..

Was it easy or hard?


It depends on several
things.
If you like Disney
movies?
When was the last time
you have seen the movie?
Are people around you
being loud pain in the
butts so you cannot
concentrate?

Recall Versus Recognition


Recall
you must retrieve the
information from your
memory
fill-in-the blank or essay
tests

Recognition
you must identify the
target from possible
targets
multiple-choice tests

The Memory Process


Three step process.
1. Encoding: The processing
of information into the
memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of
encoded material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of
getting the information out
of memory storage.

Three Box Model of Memory

Sensory Memory
A split second
holding tank for ALL
sensory information.
Sperlings research
on Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory

Short Term Memory


The stuff we encode
from the sensory goes
to STM.
Events are encoded
visually, acoustically
or semantically.
Holds about 7 (plus or
minus 2) items for
about 20 seconds.
We recall digits
better than letters.
Short Term Memory Activity

Ways to remember things in


STMso they go to LTM
Chunking: Organizing
items into familiar,
manageable units.

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4

Mnemonic devices
Rehearsal

"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam


Saturday Unless No Plums."

Long Term Memory


Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
Explicit (declarative)
memories
Implicit (nondeclarative)
memories

Explicit Memories
Episodic Memories

Semantic Memories

Implicit Memories
Procedural Memories

Conditioned Memories

Take out a piece of paper and


name all the Presidents

Encoding Information
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Serial Positioning
Effect

Spacing Effect
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve

Encoding Exercise

The Ways we can encode


Visual Encoding: the
encoding of picture
images.
Acoustic Encoding:
the encoding of
sound, especially the
sounds of words.
Semantic Encoding:
the encoding of
meaning.

The Context Matters!!!


Flashbulb Memories
Mood Congruent
Memory
State Dependent
Memory

Constructive Memory
Memories are not always what they seem.
Elizabeth Loftus
A constructed memory is a created
memory.
Misinformation effect

Forgetting

Forgetting

Getting a new bus


number and
forgetting old bus
number.

Retroactive
Interference: new
information blocks
out old information.
Proactive
Interference: old
information blocks
out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old
girlfriends name.

Storing Memories
Long Term-Potentiation
long-lasting enhancement
in signal transmission
between two neurons that
results from stimulating
them synchronously.
In other wordsthey
learn to fire together and
get better at itcreating
a memory.

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