EE 102
Circuits 2
Module 8
Three-Phase Systems
by:
Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.
Objectives
Define a three-phase system.
Describe the wye and delta-type connections in threephase systems.
Solve voltages and currents in three-phase system.
Describe a single-phase three-wire system.
Solve voltages and current in single-phase three-wire
system.
Introduction
The three-phase (3-) AC generators (alternators) has
3 sets of armature windings called phase windings.
Each of the 3 windings develop exactly the same
sinusoidal voltages (same magnitude and frequency)
called phase voltage but are 120 electrical degrees
apart.
N
120 e
deg
120 e
deg
3-phase 2-pole alternator
Introduction
In most cases, the winding that produces the flux is
the one revolving and the armature winding (that
develops phase voltages) is stationary.
The 3 sets of windings can be wired together to form
either a delta() connection or a wye(Y) connection.
a
Eaa
a
a
c
Ecc
c
b E
bb
b
c
c
b
a
Introduction
Y-connected alternator
a
a
Eaa
Ecc
a
c b
Ebb
b
N
b
c
a
c
b
a
S
b
c
c
3-phase 2-pole Y-connected alternato
Introduction
Y-connected alternator
a
a
Eaa
Ecc
c
a
c b
Ebb
Introduction
Y-connected alternator
A
a
A
a
Eaa
Ecc
c
a
c b
Ea
Ebb
B
Ec
C
Eb
Y-connected alternator with
common point called neutral (n)
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase Yconnected AlternatorsA
A
a
Ea
N
Ec
Eb
EAN
ECN N
EBN
EAB
B
ECA
EBC
C
3-phase alternator with the phases replaced b
Wye-connected 3-phase alternator
3 single-phase alternators
ECN
In a balanced system,
each of the three
instantaneous voltages
a,b, & c have equal
amplitudes but are
separated from the other
voltages by a phase
angle of 120o.
120o
EAN
120o
120o
EBN
Phasor diagram
of phase voltage
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase Yconnected Alternators
ECN
A
EAN
a
c
-EBN
ENB
60o
EAB
B
120o
ECA
120o
EBC
120o
EBN
E AB E AN E NB E AN ( E BN )
where EAN is the phase voltage of alternator a
EAN
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase Yconnected Alternators
A
EAN
a
c
ENB
-EBN
E AB
EAB
B
ECA
60o
30o
AN
)
N
B
E
(-
EAN
EBC
C
E AB E AN E NB E AN ( E BN )
E AB 3 E AN 1.73 E AN
E BC 3 E BN 1.73 EBN
ECA 3 ECN 1.73 ECN
Therefore, the line-to-line voltages of a wyeconnected alternator is 1.73 times its phase voltage.
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase Yconnected Alternators
ECA
ECN
EAB
120o
a
c
EAB
b
EBC
C
120o
ECA
EAN
120o
120o
120o
120o
EBN
Phasor
diagram of
phase and line
voltages of a 3phase Yconnected
alternator
EBC
Therefore, the line-to-line voltages of a wyeconnected alternator is 1.73 times its phase voltage,
and they are 120o out of phase from each other.
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase Yconnected Alternators
Illustrative Problem 11
The line-to-line voltage of a 3-phase alternator is 230 V as
measured by an AC voltmeter. What is the phase voltage if
measured by the same voltmeter if the alternator is AC
OUTPUT
connected in wye ? Write the polar form of all line-to-line
and
phase voltages.
Solution:
Let: EAB = line-to-line voltage between A & B
EAN = phase voltage of phase AN.
ECA
E AB 1.73 E AN
E AN
EC
N
E AN 132.90 V (reference )
E
230
AB
132.9 V E BN 132.9 120 V
1.73 1.73
ECN 132.9120 V
E AB 23030 V
E BC 230 90 V
ECA 230150 V
120
120o
120o
120o
EA
120o
120o
EB
N
EBC
EA
N
Line Current in 3-Phase Y-connected
Alternators
ECN Ic IC
A
IA
Ia
N
Ic
VAB
Ib
Alternator
IB
VCA
VBC
IC
C
120 o
IB
Ib
EBN
EAN
120 o
Ia
120 o
IA
Phase and line
current phasor
diagram of a
balanced-loaded 3phase alternator
The current on a line is equal to the current
through the phase to which that line is
connected. That is, IA = Ia, IB = Ib, IC = Ic.
When the external load on a 3-phase
alternator is balanced, the line and phase
currents are all 120o out of phase from each
Line-to-line Voltage in 3-Phase connected
Alternators
A
EC
EC
EB
120o
EAB
EA
ECA
ECA
EA
120o
EAB
EBC
C
-connected 3-phase alternators
120o
EB
EBC
Phasor diagram
In a -connected 3-phase alternator, there is no
neutral pt.
The phase windings are connected one after the
other forming a delta or closed loop.
The line-to-line voltages equals the phase voltages
both in magnitude and in direction because the
phases are connected directly to the lines.
Line-to-line Current in 3-Phase I
connected
Alternators
A
A
EC
IA
EC
IAB
+ ICA
-
EB
IBC
IC
A
EAB
EA
B
IB
ECA
EBC
IC
-connected 3-phase alternators
E AB E A
I A I CA I AB 3I AB
E BC E B
I B I AB I BC 3I BC
ECA EC
ECA
120o
IB
-IAB
EA
120o
EAB
IB
120o
EB
IA
B
EBC
Phasor diagram
IC
I C I BC I CA 3I CA
In a -connected balanced 3-phase alternator, the
line-currents are 1.73 times the phase currents.
Balanced 3-Phase Loads
A load is said to be balanced, if all phase impedances
are equal. A
IA
Ia
VAB
Ib
Ic
ZA
IB
VCA
IC
3-phase Y-connected
Balanced Load, ZA =
ZB = Z C
A
IA
a
c
Ic
Ib
3-phase
rectifier
VAB
B
ZB
VBC
C
Ia
ZC
IB
VCA
VBC
IC
C
ZC
ZA
ZB
3-phase -connected
balanced load, ZA = ZB
= ZC
3-phase induction
motor
Balanced 3-Phase Loads
Illustrative Problem 12
A balance 3-phase load is connected to a 3-phase alternator with
line-to-line voltage of 230 volts. Find:
a) Load phase currents
b) Load line currents
c) Phasor diagram of phase and line currents.
A
IA
Ia
N
Ic
230 V
Ib
3-phase
Alternator
IB
230 V 230
V I
Balance3-phase
load,
Z : R = 75, XL
= 50
Balanced 3-Phase Loads
A
IA
Ia
N
Ic
230 V
Ib
IB
IAB
230 V 230
V I
3-phase
Alternator
Let:
VAB = 230 30o
VBC = 230 -90o
VCA = 230 150o
Z (75) 2 (50) 2 90.14
for balance 3-phase load
230
I AB I BC I CA
2.55 A
90.14
Z
Z
IBC
ICA Balance3-phase
load,
Z : R = 75, XL
= 50
50
33.69
75
tan 1
Since Z is inductive, the load
phase currents will lag the line
voltages by 33.69o. Hence,
I AB 2.55(30 33.69) 2.55 3.69
I BC 2.55(90 33.69) 2.55 123.69
I CA 2.55(150 33.69) 2.55116.31
Balanced 3-Phase Loads
IA
I AB 2.5530 33.69 2.55 3.69
I BC 2.55(90 33.69) 2.55 123.69
IB
I CA 2.55(150 33.69) 2.55116.31
IC
IC
ICA
VAB
86.31o
33.69o
120o
30o
33.69
IAB
120o
33.69o
IA
153.69o
VBC
ICA
IBC
Balance3-phase load, Z : R =
75, XL = 50
I A I AB I CA I AB ( I CA )
I B I BC I AB I BC ( I AB )
9o
IBC
120o
33
.6
IB
Z
Z
33.69
VCA
IAB
I C I CA I BC I CA ( I BC )
I A I B IC
(equal in RMS value
but not in phase)
1.73I AB 1.73(2.55) 4.41 A
Vector calculator
Balanced 3-Phase Power
A
IA
Ia
VCA
Ib
IB
ZA
VBC
VAB
AB
Apparent power per
phase
30o
IBC
BC
VBC
S A V AB I AB
S B VBC I BC
S C VCA I CA
IAB
120o
ZB
ICA Z = Z
A
B
= ZC
IBC
C
120o
120o
ZC
VCA
IC
ICA
CA
IAB
N
Ic
VAB
Reactive power per
phase
Real power per
phase
QA VAB I AB sin AB
PA VAB I AB cos AB
QB VBC I BC sin BC
PB VBC I BC cos BC
QC VCA I CA sin CA
PC VCA I CA cos CA
Balanced 3-Phase Power
Apparent power per
phase
S A V AB I AB
S B VBC I BC
Reactive power per
phase
Real power per
phase
QA VAB I AB sin AB
PA V AB I AB cos AB
QB VBC I BC sin BC
S C VCA I CA
PB VBC I BC cos BC
QC VCA I CA sin CA
PC VCA I CA cos CA
For balanced delta-connected load:
V AB VBC VCA VP VL
I AB I BC I CA I P
IL
3
AB BC CA P
where:
VP = phase voltage
VL = line voltage
IP = phase current
IL = line current
SP = phase apparent
power
QP = phase reactive
power
PP = phase real
RMS
value
only not
the
phase
S A S B S C S P VP I P
QA QB QC QP VP I P sin P
PA PB PC PP VP I P cos P
Value only
not the
phase
Let:
QT = total reactive power taken by
load
PT = total real power taken by load
ST = total apparent power taken by
I
QT 3 VP I P sin P 3 VL L sin P 3 VL I L sin P
load
3
I
PT 3 VP I P cos P 3 VL L cos P 3 VL I L cos P
3
ST PT2 QT2 3 VL I L
Balanced 3-Phase Power
Illustrative Problem 13
Find the per phase apparent, reactive, and true power consumed
by the load as shown by the figure below.
A
IA
Ia
N
Ic
230 V
Ib
3-phase
Alternator
Solution:
VAB = VBC =VCA = VP = 230 V
IB
230 V 230
V I
Balance3-phase
load,
Z : R = 75, XL
= 50
QP VP I P sin P (230)(2.55) sin 33.69 325.33 VAR
PP VP I P cos P (230)(2.55) cos 33.69 488.0 W
S P VP I P (230)(2.55) 586.5 VA
QT 3 VP I P sin P 3 (230)(2.55) sin 33.69 975.99 VAR
I AB I BC I CA I P 2.55 A
PT 3 VP I P cos P 3 (230)(2.55) cos 33.69 1463.99 W
P 33.69
ST QT2 PT2 (563.49) 2 (845.24) 2 1,759.5 VA 1.76 KVA
Balanced 3-Phase Power
Illustrative Problem 14
A 3-phase 74.6 kW delta-connected induction motor is supplied
by a 3-phase star-connected alternator generating 1000 V
between phases. If the full load efficiency and the power factor
of the induction motor are 92 % and 0.85 respectively, calculate;
a) Current in each motor phase
b) Current in each alternator phase
Balanced 3-Phase Power
Seatwork
A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 415 V star-connected induction motor has an
output of 50 kW with an efficiency of 90 % and a power factor of
0.85. calculate the line current. If the motor windings are now
connected in delta, what would be the correct voltage of a 3phase supply suitable for the motor?
Balanced 3-Phase Power
Illustrative Problem
Two 14
3-phase balance loads are connected in parallel to a 400-V line. The first
load is delta-connected with a phase impedance of Z = 30+j40 and the second
is a star-connected purely resistive load of R = 25 ohms per phase. Find:
a) The phasor line currents IA, IB, and IC.
b) The apparent, reactive, and real power consumed by the combined load.
c) The PF of the combined load.
A
B
C
IA
IB
IC
Z
Z
R
R
Phase Sequence
Side view of armature
Perspective view of armature
Phase Sequence
Side view of armature (turned 90o)
Perspective view of armature
Phase Sequence
Side view of armature
Perspective view of armature
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
ASE SEQUENCE = ABC = BCA = CAB
Vc
Va
Vb
Phasor representation of
ABC sequence
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
ARMATURE WINDINGS YELLOW
AND RED INTERCHANGED
ASE SEQUENCE = ACB = CBA = BAC
Vb
Va
Vc
Phasor representation of
ACB sequence
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
A phase sequence
defines which of the
three phase voltages or
line voltages comes in
sequence.
There are only two
possible phase
sequence in three-phase
system: phase sequence
ABC or phase sequence
ACB.
Phase sequence ABC is
called positive sequence
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 4WIRE
C
VAB
VCA
VBC
VCN VBN VAN
C
N
3-phase 4-wire alternator
with output connected to
lines A, B, C, & N
A
B
C
3-phase 4-wire lines
120 e
deg
A
N
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 4WIRE
A
B
C
N
Phase sequence ABC:
VAN VP 0 o
VBN VP 120
VCN VP 120 o
where VP is the line-to-neutral voltage
or the phase voltage
120 e
deg
Checkpoint 1
Given the phase sequence of phase voltages VAN, VBN, and VCN,
below, what is the phase sequence of the line voltages, V AB, VBC,
A
VCA?
B
C
N
Phase sequence ABC:
VAN VP 0 o
VBN VP 120
VCN VP 120 o
where VP is the line-to-neutral voltage
or the phase voltage
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 4WIRE
A
B
C
N
Phase sequence ABC:
VAN VP 0 o
VAB 3 VP 30o
VBN VP 120
VCN VP 120
VBC 3 VP 90
VCA 3 VP 150 o
where VP is the line-to-neutral voltage
or the phase voltage
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 4WIRE
A
B
C
N
Phase sequence ACB:
VAN VP 0 o
VBN VP 120
VAB 3 VP 30o
o
VCN VP 120 o
VBC 3 VP 150
VCA 3 VP 90 o
where VP is the line-to-neutral voltage
or the phase voltage
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 3WIRE
A
B
C
Phase sequence ABC:
VAB VL 0o
VBC VL 120
VCA VL 120 o
120 e
deg
Phase Sequence
3-PHASE 3WIRE
A
B
C
Phase sequence ACB:
VAB VL 0o
VBC VL 120
VCA VL 120 o
where VL is the line-to-line voltage
120 e
deg
Single-Phase 3-Wire System
A
n
+
B
n
An
VAn VAB
n
Bn
VBn
B
Coils A & B, in series
VAn VP 0 o
S
4-pole alternator
with 2 coils A & B
180 e deg
VBn VP 180 o
v An vP max sin(t ) vBn vP max sin(t 180o )
VAB VAn VnB VAn VBn VAn VAn 2VAn 2VBn
VBn
VAn
VAB
Single-Phase 3-Wire System
Illustrative Problem
16
Find the currents and total power dissipation as
shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if VAn = - VBn = 100 V.
IA
IA
+
-
+
-
Z1 = 30 + j40 +
-
Z1 = 30+j40
n
nZ = 30+j40
3
Z2 = 30 + j40 +
nZ = 30+j40
3
In
In
B
IB
IB
Z2 = 30 + j40
Seatwork
Illustrative Problem
16
Find the currents and total power dissipation as
shown in Fig. 3 VAn = - VBn = 150 V.
IA
+
-
In
Z = 40 + j50
Z
B
IB
END OF
SESSION
